NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOUSE SIZE AND PRICE

This study reexamines the relationship between house size and price by using the quantile regression model. Housing transactions data of the National Taipei University Special Zone in Taiwan are adopted, and the findings are as follows. First, the total price of a smaller housing unit will increase at a decreasing rate as its size increases. The decrease in marginal price might be due to the declining marginal utility of the property right. Secondly, the total price of a larger housing unit will increase at an increasing rate as its size increases. The size premium effect might be due to the influence of conspicuous consumption. Thirdly, housing with a lower square meter price is subject to greater price competitiveness in the market, and the price will increase at a decreasing rate as the size increases. Conversely, a housing unit with a higher square meter price will decrease at an increasing rate as its size increases. This might be due to the constraint imposed by the purchaser’s housing affordability. These findings clarify the nonlinear relationships between housing size and price, and provide very useful information for decision making of the developers, home purchasers, real estate appraisers, and the governments.

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Lack of an association between gallstone disease and bilirubin levels with risk of colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis

British Journal of Cancer ◽

10.1038/s41416-020-01211-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Culliford ◽

Alex J. Cornish ◽

Philip J. Law ◽

Susan M. Farrington ◽

Kimmo Palin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Large Scale ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Gallstone Disease ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Mendelian Randomisation ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Circulating Levels

Abstract Background Epidemiological studies of the relationship between gallstone disease and circulating levels of bilirubin with risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) have been inconsistent. To address possible confounding and reverse causation, we examine the relationship between these potential risk factors and CRC using Mendelian randomisation (MR). Methods We used two-sample MR to examine the relationship between genetic liability to gallstone disease and circulating levels of bilirubin with CRC in 26,397 patients and 41,481 controls. We calculated the odds ratio per genetically predicted SD unit increase in log bilirubin levels (ORSD) for CRC and tested for a non-zero causal effect of gallstones on CRC. Sensitivity analysis was applied to identify violations of estimator assumptions. Results No association between either gallstone disease (P value = 0.60) or circulating levels of bilirubin (ORSD = 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96–1.03, P value = 0.90) with CRC was shown. Conclusions Despite the large scale of this study, we found no evidence for a causal relationship between either circulating levels of bilirubin or gallstone disease with risk of developing CRC. While the magnitude of effect suggested by some observational studies can confidently be excluded, we cannot exclude the possibility of smaller effect sizes and non-linear relationships.

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Differential Influence of Age on the Relationship between Genetic Mismatch and A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccine Effectiveness

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13040619 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 619

Author(s):

Lirong Cao ◽

Shi Zhao ◽

Jingzhi Lou ◽

Hong Zheng ◽

Renee W. Y. Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

The Elderly ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Amino Acid Mutation ◽

Epidemic Season ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

The Difference ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

The Relationship

Assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) and identification of relevant influencing factors are the current priorities for optimizing vaccines to reduce the impacts of influenza. To date, how the difference between epidemic strains and vaccine strains at genetic scale affects age-specific vaccine performance remains ambiguous. This study investigated the association between genetic mismatch on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and A(H1N1)pdm09 VE in different age groups with a novel computational approach. We found significant linear relationships between VE and genetic mismatch in children, young adults, and middle-aged adults. In the children’s group, each 3-key amino acid mutation was associated with an average of 10% decrease in vaccine effectiveness in a given epidemic season, and genetic mismatch exerted no influence on VE for the elderly group. We demonstrated that present vaccines were most effective for children, while protection for the elderly was reduced and indifferent to vaccine component updates. Modeling such relationships is practical to inform timely evaluation of VE in different groups of populations during mass vaccination and may inform age-specific vaccination regimens.

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Excavations of Aztec Urban Houses at Yautepec, Mexico

Latin American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/972199 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 10 (02) ◽

pp. 133-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Michael E. Smith ◽

Cynthia Heath-Smith ◽

Lisa Montiel

Keyword(s):

Construction Materials ◽

Large Set ◽

Mexican State ◽

Residential Structures ◽

The Relationship ◽

House Size

Our recent excavations at the site of Yautepec in the Mexican state of Morelos have uncovered a large set of residential structures from an Aztec city. We excavated seven houses with associated middens, as well as several middens without architecture. In this paper, we briefly review the excavations, describe each house, and summarize the nature of construction materials and methods employed. We compare the Yautepec houses with other known Aztec houses and make some preliminary inferences on the relationship between house size and wealth at the site.

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A Fluidity-Temperature Relationship for Liquids

Journal of Lubrication Technology ◽

10.1115/1.3451780 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 236-241

Author(s):

T. F. Ford ◽

C. R. Singleterry

Keyword(s):

Interpolation Formula ◽

Absolute Temperature ◽

Temperature Relationship ◽

Organic Liquids ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Temperature Ranges ◽

The Absolute ◽

The Relationship

Many relationships between viscosity or its reciprocal, fluidity, and temperature have been proposed for liquids. None except the empirically modified ASTM chart have proven satisfactory over extended temperature ranges. We here note that by plotting the kinematic fluidity (φkin) against the square of the absolute temperature (deg K2) we obtain linear relationships for a wide variety of organic liquids at kinematic viscosities less than about 1.67 centistokes (or fluidities above about 0.60 reciprocal centistokes). The generality of the relationship appears to justify the use of the equation, φkin=a+bT2, as an interpolation formula for organic liquids in the low viscosity region.

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FINANCIAL VALUE OF UKRAINIAN PREMIER LEAGUE CLUBS IN RELATIONSHIP WITH FOOTBALL MIGRATION INDICATORS

Sport Science and Human Health ◽

10.28925/2664-2069.2021.216 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 184-195

Author(s):

Sobol Eduard ◽

Svatyev Andrii

Keyword(s):

Football Players ◽

Professional Football ◽

Premier League ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Football Clubs ◽

Economic Support ◽

And Migration ◽

Quantitative Indicators ◽

The Relationship ◽

Generalization Of Data

Introduction. Indicators of financial and economic support and migration of football players create preconditions for the formation of a highly competitive sports environment in professional football clubs and in the Ukrainian Premier League. The aim of the study is to analyze the quantitative indicators of migration of football players in the Ukrainian Premier League in relation to the financial and economic support of professional football clubs and to systematize the results. Materials and methods: analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodical literature sources and the Internet, pedagogical observations, content analysis of materials of official sites of professional football clubs of the Ukrainian Premier League, official sites of the Ukrainian Football Association and the Ukrainian Premier League, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The relationship between the financial value of Ukrainian athletes and migrant footballers, who are declared in the competition of the Ukrainian Premier League of the season 2021-2022, is analyzed. Conclusions. Analysis of the financial value of professional football clubs of the Ukrainian Premier League in relation to the migration of football players allows us to state that the leaders of the sports rating are the most financially capable teams: «Shakhtar» (Donetsk) and «Dynamo» (Kyiv), with a total the transfer value of the players is € 179,700,000 and € 136,100,000 respectively. The average cost of a migrant player in the leading professional football clubs of the Ukrainian Premier League «Shakhtar» (Donetsk) is 8,800,000 €, «Dynamo» (Kyiv) ‒ 3,420,000 €. Analysis of the transfer value of domestic athletes and migrant footballers in the application letters of the Ukrainian Premier League shows the absence of direct and inverse linear relationships, which suggests the presence of complex multilevel dependencies that require processing by more complex mathematical and statistical methods and preliminary grouping of available experimental data

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GETTING INTO LIFE & LIVING OF LOW-INCOME FACTORY WORKERS

10.31705/faru.2020.10 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N.A. TRINA ◽

◽

A.R. MOULY ◽

F. TASMIA ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Growth ◽

Low Income ◽

Housing Affordability ◽

Housing Unit ◽

Uneven Distribution ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Factory Workers ◽

Factory Owner ◽

Income Groups ◽

The Government

Dhaka city is with its unplanned urban growth, creating shortage of land in comparison to the ever-increasing population, and uneven distribution of residential lands among different income groups. Moreover, factories are flourishing in Dhaka city, but no attempt has yet been made so far, to provide adequate to the workers with low-income either by the government or the factory owner. A housing unit demands the qualities of comfort, conveniences, and amenities; however, this demand requires considerable chunk of land and renters or owners need to have financial solvency to dwell in. Here come the premises on housing affordability. The paper aims at understanding the pulse of low-Income peoples ‘housing' that include settlement pattern, house forms, space allocations, group accommodations, breathing spaces and sharing of facilities and utilities and consequently provide them a viable environment where life and living turn into a delight.

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Relationship between the Differences of Odor Detection Threshold Values Measured by Different Methods and some of the Physicochemical Properties

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.451 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 807-809 ◽

pp. 451-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Di Fang ◽

Jie Min Liu ◽

Qin Yi

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Functional Group ◽

Saturated Vapor ◽

Detection Threshold ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Odor Detection ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Odor Detection Threshold ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

The amount of sample can enter the nasal cavity depends on the physiochemical characteristics such as distribution, volatility and solubility. It can be suspected that the difference of odor detection threshold (ODT) measured by different methods is related to the physicochemical properties of compounds. To investigate the relationship between ODT differences and the physicochemical properties of compounds, ODT values of four series of organic compounds were measured by triangle odor bag method and gas chromatography and olfactometry method; the results were compared and the absolute differences were calculated. Relationship between ODT differences and the type of functional group and some of the physicochemical properties of compounds was analyzed. The results showed the type of functional group had significant effect on the differences. Certain linear relationships between the logarithmic value of differences and the logarithmic values of saturated vapor pressure and molecular weight were observed.

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Measurement error-filtered machine learning in digital soil mapping

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9704 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephan van der Westhuizen ◽

Gerard Heuvelink ◽

David Hofmeyr

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Measurement Error ◽

Soil Property ◽

Soil Mapping ◽

Digital Soil Mapping ◽

Simulation Studies ◽

True Value ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

<p>Digital soil mapping (DSM) may be defined as the use of a statistical model to quantify the relationship between a certain observed soil property at various geographic locations, and a collection of environmental covariates, and then using this relationship to predict the soil property at locations where the property was not measured. It is also important to quantify the uncertainty with regards to prediction of these soil maps. An important source of uncertainty in DSM is measurement error which is considered as the difference between a measured and true value of a soil property.</p><p>The use of machine learning (ML) models such as random forests (RF) has become a popular trend in DSM. This is because ML models tend to be capable of accommodating highly non-linear relationships between the soil property and covariates. However, it is not clear how to incorporate measurement error into ML models. In this presentation we will discuss how to incorporate measurement error into some popular ML models, starting with incorporating weights into the objective function of ML models that implicitly assume a Gaussian error. We will discuss the effect that these modifications have on prediction accuracy, with reference to simulation studies.</p>

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Spatial variation features description of soil available P, K, Mg and soil pH by proportional effect

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3344-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 41-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Brodský ◽

J. Száková ◽

M. Bazalová ◽

V. Penížek

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variation ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Available P ◽

Relationship Strength ◽

Soil P ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Field Fluctuations ◽

Proportional Effect ◽

The Relationship

This paper investigates the proportional effect of selected soil properties – low spatial variation changes are related to their local magnitudes (here standard deviation vs. mean). Content of available P, K, and Mg, and soil pH were analysed on nine agricultural fields of the Xzech Republic. Firstly, strong direct within-field proportional effect based on Moving Window Statistics (MWS) was found for soil P and K, while Mg did not exhibit any clear proportionality. Soil pH showed indication of inverse proportional effect with high field-to-field fluctuations. The relationship strength of the effect was functionally related to the asymmetry (skewness) of distribution (r = 0.31 × skew 0.08). Secondly, between-field proportional effect of 9 surveyed fields, as a measure at different scale, showed generally parallel results with the MWS approach. Proportionality is therefore not scale dependent. However, slopes of linear relationships were different for the two scales. Finally, models for prediction of proportional variogram parameters were calculated. Correlation coefficients of relationship between semivariance parameters and mean proved that sill-nugget is more stable (r = 0.74 for P and 0.83 for K) than nugget (r = 0.30 for P and 0.53 for K).

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Non-Stationary Flood Frequency Analysis Using Cubic B-Spline-Based GAMLSS Model

Water ◽

10.3390/w12071867 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1867

Author(s):

Chunlai Qu ◽

Jing Li ◽

Lei Yan ◽

Pengtao Yan ◽

Fang Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantile Regression ◽

Frequency Analysis ◽

Flood Frequency ◽

Flood Frequency Analysis ◽

Design Flood ◽

Statistical Parameters ◽

B Spline ◽

Quantile Regression Model ◽

Design Values ◽

The Relationship

Under changing environments, the most widely used non-stationary flood frequency analysis (NFFA) method is the generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) model. However, the model structure of the GAMLSS model is relatively complex due to the large number of statistical parameters, and the relationship between statistical parameters and covariates is assumed to be unchanged in future, which may be unreasonable. In recent years, nonparametric methods have received increasing attention in the field of NFFA. Among them, the linear quantile regression (QR-L) model and the non-linear quantile regression model of cubic B-spline (QR-CB) have been introduced into NFFA studies because they do not need to determine statistical parameters and consider the relationship between statistical parameters and covariates. However, these two quantile regression models have difficulties in estimating non-stationary design flood, since the trend of the established model must be extrapolated infinitely to estimate design flood. Besides, the number of available observations becomes scarcer when estimating design values corresponding to higher return periods, leading to unreasonable and inaccurate design values. In this study, we attempt to propose a cubic B-spline-based GAMLSS model (GAMLSS-CB) for NFFA. In the GAMLSS-CB model, the relationship between statistical parameters and covariates is fitted by the cubic B-spline under the GAMLSS model framework. We also compare the performance of different non-stationary models, namely the QR-L, QR-CB, and GAMLSS-CB models. Finally, based on the optimal non-stationary model, the non-stationary design flood values are estimated using the average design life level method (ADLL). The annual maximum flood series of four stations in the Weihe River basin and the Pearl River basin are taken as examples. The results show that the GAMLSS-CB model displays the best model performance compared with the QR-L and QR-CB models. Moreover, it is feasible to estimate design flood values based on the GAMLSS-CB model using the ADLL method, while the estimation of design flood based on the quantile regression model requires further studies.

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