scholarly journals Convergence of NDPP and CSDP Planning Process as a Part of the NATO-EU Strategic Partnership Reinforcing

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Petráš
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Mutual Coherence ◽  
Recent Introduction ◽  
Strategic Cooperation ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Planning Approaches

Over the last few years, a need for reinforcing the NATO-EU mutual coherence has become increasingly apparent. The EU and NATO have recently initiated the steps to consolidate the strategic cooperation where a way ahead to converge NDPP and CSDP planning process was also underpinned. The recent introduction of new tools tailored to get more effective the CSDP process offers new opportunities for facilitating a convergence of EU and NATO planning approaches. Even if it is impossible to assume that the Alliance's and the Union's planning processes would become identical, the implementation of PESCO and other subsequent procedural tools has created a room for potential synchronization and harmonization of respective planning processes. The paper summarises findings on certain parts of both processes which could be brought closer, in terms of time and procedures, without affecting the autonomy of both organizations in any way.

scholarly journals The EU-China’s Strategic Partnership: A Case Study of the EU’s Arms Embargo against China

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Yixiong Huang
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Strategic Issues ◽  
Strategic Cooperation ◽  
Arms Embargo ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

In 2003, the EU and China established a strategic partnership intended to deepen their bilateral relationship not only economically, but also strategically. However, the EU-China relations are still challenged by several ideological and strategic issues. This paper will evaluate the EU-China’s strategic partnership by presenting a case study of the EU’s arms embargo against China since the 1989 Tiananmen Incident. This paper will argue that although the EU-China’s strategic partnership has a strong foundation of bilateral economic and strategic cooperation, the relationship between the EU and China is still very weak: (1) ideologically, the EU is still unsatisfied with China’s human rights record and political reform process; and (2) strategically, the United States (U.S.) still plays an influential role the EU’s external decision-making process. 

scholarly journals AN EVALUATION TO IDENTIFY THE BARRIERS TO THE FEASIBILITY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS: FIVE DECADES OF EXPERIENCE IN URBAN PLANNING IN IRAN

2014 ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki ◽  
Aldrin Abdullah ◽  
Azizi Bahauddin ◽  
Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Planning Approaches

The rapid urbanization in many developing countries has indicated several challenges in different aspects. This is due to inefficient urban planning approaches towards managing the development process. Similar to many other developing countries, Iran has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades. Although over the last few decades, urban planning processes have been applied to develop Iranian cities, urban planning has failed to tackle the challenges facing the cities. This paper seeks to identify the barriers that have prevented Iranian cities from achieving the goals of urban planning. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on the concept of urban planning and to assess the urban development plan process in Iranian cities. The required data were collected through a review of international theoretical studies, Iranian experimental research and governmental reports. The findings of this study reveal five major barriers to the feasibility of the urban planning process, including the urban plans context, structure of urban planning, related law and regulations, public participation, and financial resources.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of National Approaches to Military Capability Planning

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-240
Author(s):  
Zdenek Petras
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Capability Development ◽  
Military Capability ◽  
National Planning ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
National Defence ◽  
Significant Effort ◽  
The Eu

Abstract National defence planning processes are often compared with the NATO Defence Planning Process (NDPP). Taking into account that NDPP needs commonly agreed criteria to evaluate military capabilities of the different nations, and given the significant effort invested in performance measurement by several nations, it would be beneficial to examine how respective nations are currently assessing their performance within the capability-based planning process, with a view to establishing potential common measures that would benefit individual nations while addressing the needs of NATO at the same time. The principles which the NDPP is based on are referred to in some of national defence strategic documents, although there is no explicitly statement that the national defence planning process should be tailored in the same way as it is the case of the NDPP. In order to find an answer to the above mentioned issue and identify common practices and lessons to support capability planning within nations and NATO an analysis was carried out with the objective of identifying to which extent national planning processes of respective nations correlate with principles of NDPP as well as with principles of the EU capability development.

scholarly journals The Hyperloop System and Stakeholders: A Review and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8430
Author(s):  
Lambros Mitropoulos ◽  
Annie Kortsari ◽  
Alexandros Koliatos ◽  
Georgia Ayfantopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Current State ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Holistic Assessment ◽  
The Eu

The hyperloop is an innovative land transport mode for passengers and freight that travels at ultra-high speeds. Lately, different stakeholders have been engaged in the research and development of hyperloop components. The novelty of the hyperloop necessitates certain directions to be followed toward the development and testing of its technological components as well the formation of regulations and planning processes. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive literature review of hyperloop publications to record the current state of progress of hyperloop components, including the pod, the infrastructure, and the communication system, and identify involved EU stakeholders. Blending this information results in future directions. An online search of English-based publications was performed to finally consider 107 studies on the hyperloop and identify 81 stakeholders in the EU. The analysis shows that the hyperloop-related activities are almost equally distributed between Europe (39%) and Asia (38%), and the majority of EU stakeholders are located in Spain (26%) and Germany (20%), work on the traction of the pod (37%) and the tube (28%), and study impacts including safety (35%), energy (33%), and cost (30%). Existing tube systems and testing facilities for the hyperloop lack full-scale tracks, which creates a hurdle for the testing and development of the hyperloop system. The presented analysis and findings provide a holistic assessment of the hyperloop system and its stakeholders and suggest future directions to develop a successful transport system.

Optimization of adaptive network economic and mathematical modeling of business planning process control

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Andrey Shorikov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
New Method ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Business Planning ◽  
Planning Processes

The article is devoted to the application of economic and mathematical models of business planning management based on the use of the feedback principle. As the objective function (evaluation toolkit) of the task, the value of the execution time of the entire business project, which must be minimized, is considered. To solve this problem, it is proposed to form a class of admissible strategies for optimal adaptive control of the implementation process; as well as a specific business project using network economic and mathematical modeling is worked out. Within the limits of these strategies, the method of achieving optimal self-adjusting control of business planning processes is determined, the optimal execution time and the optimal timetable for the implementation of the project are determined. The main feature of the proposed new method is the ability to take into account the real conditions for the implementation works of the concrete project, which makes it possible to timely adjust the process of management of business planning and prevent disruptions in its implementation. This method also serves as the basis for constructing numerical algorithms for the development and creating the automated systems for realization of optimal adaptive control of business planning processes. The results obtained are illustrated on a specific business project for opening a public catering enterprise and show a high degree of efficiency in using the new method.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing Testbed Planning: Urban Planning in the Intersection between Experimental and Public Sector Logics

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Berglund-Snodgrass ◽  
Dalia Mukhtar-Landgren
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Experimental Logic

Urban planning is, in many countries, increasingly becoming intertwined with local climate ambitions, investments in urban attractiveness and “smart city” innovation measures. In the intersection between these trends, urban experimentation has developed as a process where actors are granted action space to test innovations in a collaborative setting. One arena for urban experimentation is urban testbeds. Testbeds are sites of urban development, in which experimentation constitutes an integral part of planning and developing the area. This article introduces the notion of testbed planning as a way to conceptualize planning processes in delimited sites where planning is combined with processes of urban experimentation. We define testbed planning as a multi-actor, collaborative planning process in a delimited area, with the ambition to generate and disseminate learning while simultaneously developing the site. The aim of this article is to explore processes of testbed planning with regard to the role of urban planners. Using an institutional logics perspective we conceptualize planners as navigating between a public sector—and an experimental logic. The public sector logic constitutes the formal structure of “traditional” urban planning, and the experimental logic a collaborative and testing governance structure. Using examples from three Nordic municipalities, this article explores planning roles in experiments with autonomous buses in testbeds. The analysis shows that planners negotiate these logics in three different ways, combining and merging them, separating and moving between them or acting within a conflictual process where the public sector logic dominates.

scholarly journals Civil society participation in the Scottish marine planning process and the role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Brooker ◽  
Charlotte Rachael Hopkins ◽  
Emilie Devenport ◽  
Lucy Greenhill ◽  
Calum Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Public Representation ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Marine Planning

Sustainable development principles are based on the fundamental recognition of humans as an integral part of the ecosystem. Participation of civil society should therefore be central to marine planning processes and enabling ecosystem-based management, and development of mechanisms for effective participation is critical. To date, little attention has been given to the role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs) in public participation. In this paper, the results of two workshops, which involved various stakeholders and addressed public participation in marine planning, are reported and discussed in the context of the Scottish marine planning process. ENGOs’ role in communicating complex policies, representing members’ interests and contributing towards participatory governance in marine planning is highlighted. Innovative outreach methods are still required by decision-makers to translate technical information, integrate local knowledge, improve public representation and conserve resources. This could include collaboration with ENGOs to help promote public participation in decision-making processes.

scholarly journals Planning a market exit strategy for manufacturers of consumer goods when entering foreign markets

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Maik Döring
Keyword(s):  
Market Entry ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Exit Strategy ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Market Exit ◽  
Planning Processes

Aim: The internal market for manufacturers of consumer products companies is often too small in order to grant long-term success. Therefore, companies expand and enter foreign markets. This paper presents a planning process for market penetration for the selected foreign market, which will show the possibility of a withdrawal and shows also whether an exit scenario is planned by manufacturers of consumer products and when companies tend to think about a market exit.Design / Research methods: First, the literature was studied. Based on this, hypothesis were prepared. This was followed by a telephone survey of decision-makers from German manufacturers of the consumer products companies. Conclusions / findings: A planning process for market penetration was developed, which shows next to the market entry also the market exit. Additional this paper shows that manufacturers of consumer products companies can be better prepared for a market exit than companies without an exit strategy, in particular, if the manufacturer sets out relevant economic parameters for the foreign market which determine whether to remain in the market or leave.Originality / value of the article: When analysing literature on planning processes for market entry, it becomes clear that an exit strategy is not planned. This may indicate that the authors did not consider a market exit and/or anticipate this as a worst case in their market entry assumption.Implications of the research: The last market entry of the surveyed companies usually occurred recently. For market exit results to be determined, a further consultation of the companies examined should be undertaken over a longer period of time.

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