scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of malaria on CD4+ T Cells and haemoglobin levels of HIV-malaria co-infected patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (09) ◽  
pp. 660-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Nii Aryee Tagoe ◽  
Joseph Boachie
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Blood Film ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria destroy important cells required for proper immunological and haematological functioning of the body. This research therefore aimed to assess the effect of malaria on CD4+ and haemoglobin (Hb) levels of HIV-malaria co-infected patients. Methodology: The study was performed by sampling 220 adult HIV patients on highly active anti retroviral therapy (HAART) who routinely visited the Tema General Hospital in Ghana. Blood samples were obtained for both blood film microscopy identification of malaria parasites and analysis using rapid diagnostic test kits. A BD Facscount Analyzer was used in the quantification of CD4+ levels. Results: Of the 220 patients sampled, 34 (15.5%) were HIV-malaria co-infected, all of whom (34; 100%) had CD4+ counts below the normal range, while 23 (12.9%) of the HIV mono-infected patients had normal CD4+ counts. Almost all HIV-malaria co-infected patients (33; 97.1%) had low Hb levels, whereas 79 (42.5%) of the HIV mono-infected patients had normal Hb. Malaria infection strongly correlated positively and significantly with both low CD4+ count (χ2 = 0.828, P = 0.003) and Hb (χ2 = 0.817, P = 0.004) levels. Conclusion: Malaria co-infection with HIV decreases CD4+ T cells and Hb levels in patients. It is therefore recommended that HIV patients in malaria endemic areas should adhere to malaria preventive measures.

Combination Of Regulatory T Cells and Rapamycin As Treatment For Experimental Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 4474-4474
Author(s):  
Ludovic Belle ◽  
Gregory Ehx ◽  
Joan Somja ◽  
Marilene Binsfeld ◽  
Muriel Hannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Graft Versus Host Disease ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Host Disease ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
D 20 ◽  
The Impact

Background Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) is one of the main complications of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Donor CD4+ conventional T cells (Tconv) as well as regulatory T cells (Treg) are the key-players in its pathogenesis. Rapamycin (sirolimus, rapa) is a mTor inhibitor that can suppress activation and proliferation of Tconv without inhibiting Treg. Aims To assess the impact of a combined treatment with Tregand rapa on experimental cGvHD. Methods Lethally irradiated BALB/c mice were injected with 10x106 bone marrow cells and 70x106 splenocytes from B10.D2 donor mice. Mice were divided in four groups on day -1 and treatments were started on day 20 with either PBS, rapa 1 mg/kg/Day, Treg 1.106 cells (D+20), or rapa 1 mg/kg/Day + Treg 1.106 cells (D+20). Treg (CD4+ CD25+ cells) were purified from spleen cells from donor B10.D2 mice using the CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec, GmbH, Germany). Treg purity (defined as CD4+ FoxP3+ cells) was ≥ 70% of total cells and > 92% of CD4+T cells. The severity of sclerodermatous cGvHD was assessed with the following clinical scoring system. Briefly, animals were individually scored every 3 days for five parameters: weight loss (1, 10-20%; 2, > 20%), posture (1, kyphosis only at rest; 2, severe kyphosis when the animal moved), activity (1, moderate activity impairment; 2, no move unless stimulated), skin (1, erythema or scaling tail; 2, open lesion on the body surface) and hair loss (1, > 1 cm2; 2, > 2 cm2). Mice which reached a score of 8 were estimated to have terminal GvHD and were sacrificed. Terminal GvHD-free survivals between the 4 groups were compared using the Log-rank test. Results The effects of the treatments were evaluated 7 days after starting the treatments (D+27 post-transplantation). Numbers of total and central memory and effector memory CD4+ T cells/µL were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in rapa-, Treg-, and Treg + rapa- treated mice compared to PBS mice, while numbers of naïve CD4+ T cells/µL were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in Treg-, and Treg + rapa- treated mice. Further, proliferation of CD4+ T cells (assessed by Ki67 expression) was significantly decreased in rapa- (p<0.05) and Treg + rapa- treated mice (p<0.05). In addition, counts and proliferation of CD8+ T cells/µL were significantly (p<0.05) lower in rapa- and Treg+ rapa- treated mice compared to PBS mice. Importantly, terminal-GvHD-free survival was significantly shorter in PBS mice than in Treg (P=0.03), rapa (P=0.04), and Treg+ rapa mice (P=0.02). Conclusion Our results showed that Treg and rapa administration improved cGvHD in this model of cGvHD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Raltegravir Inclusion Decreases CD4 T-Cells Intra-Cellular Viral Load and Increases CD4 and CD28 Positive T-Cells in Selected HIV Patients

Cells ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Gaurav Kumar ◽  
Jacqueline Cottalorda-Dufayard ◽  
Rodolphe Garraffo ◽  
Francine De Salvador-Guillouët ◽  
Eric Cua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Immune Phenotypes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Plasmatic Viral Load

Raltegravir (RLT) prevents the integration of HIV DNA in the nucleus, but published studies remain controversial, suggesting that it does not decrease proviral DNA. However, there are only a few studies focused on virus-targeted cells. We aimed our study on the impact of RLT inclusion on total intra-cellular viral DNA (TID) in cellular subsets and immune effects in patients with newly acquired undetectable plasmatic viral load (UVL). Six patients having UVL using an antiretroviral combination for 6 months and CD4 T-cells > 350/mL and <500/mL were selected to receive RLT for 3 months from M0 to M3. Patients had 7 sequential viro-immunological determinations from M-1 to M5. Immune phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry and TID quantification was performed using PCR assay on purified cells. TID (median values) at the initiation of RLT in CD4 T-cells was 117 copies/millions of cells, decreased to 27.5 on M3, and remained thereafter permanently under the cut-off (<10 copies/millions of cells) in 4 out of 6 patients. This was associated with an increase of CD4 and CD4 + CD28+ T-cells and a decrease of HLA-DR expression and apoptosis of CD4 T-cells. RLT inclusion led to decreases in the viral load along with positive immune reconstitution, mainly for CD4 T-cells in HIV patients.

scholarly journals The Impact of Exercise Serum on Selected Parameters of CD4+ T Cell Metabolism

Immuno ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Jana Palmowski ◽  
Kristina Gebhardt ◽  
Thomas Reichel ◽  
Torsten Frech ◽  
Robert Ringseis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Autologous Serum ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
The Impact

CD4+ T cells are sensitive to peripheral changes of cytokine levels and metabolic substrates such as glucose and lactate. This study aimed to analyze whether factors released after exercise alter parameters of human T cell metabolism, specifically glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. We used primary human CD4+ T cells activated in the presence of autologous serum, which was collected before (CO) and after a 30-min exercise intervention (EX). In the course of activation, cells and supernatants were analyzed for cell viability and diameter, real-time oxygen consumption by using PreSens Technology, mRNA expression of glycolytic enzymes and complexes of the electron transport chain by real-time PCR, glucose, and lactate levels in supernatants, and in vitro differentiation by flow cytometry. EX did not alter T cell phenotype, viability, or on-blast formation. Similarly, no difference between CO and EX were found for CD4+ T cell activation and cellular oxygen consumption. In contrast, higher levels of glucose were found after 48 h activation in EX conditions. T cells activated in autologous exercise serum expressed lower HK1 mRNA and higher IFN-γ receptor 1. We suggest that the exercise protocol used was not sufficient to destabilize the immune metabolism of T cells. Therefore, more intense and prolonged exercise should be used in future studies.

scholarly journals Immunological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Putative Beneficial Role of Vitamin-D

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5251
Author(s):  
Ming-Yieh Peng ◽  
Wen-Chih Liu ◽  
Jing-Quan Zheng ◽  
Chien-Lin Lu ◽  
Yi-Chou Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Health Crisis

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still an ongoing global health crisis. Immediately after the inhalation of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, alveolar type II epithelial cells harbor and initiate local innate immunity. These particles can infect circulating macrophages, which then present the coronavirus antigens to T cells. Subsequently, the activation and differentiation of various types of T cells, as well as uncontrollable cytokine release (also known as cytokine storms), result in tissue destruction and amplification of the immune response. Vitamin D enhances the innate immunity required for combating COVID-19 by activating toll-like receptor 2. It also enhances antimicrobial peptide synthesis, such as through the promotion of the expression and secretion of cathelicidin and β-defensin; promotes autophagy through autophagosome formation; and increases the synthesis of lysosomal degradation enzymes within macrophages. Regarding adaptive immunity, vitamin D enhances CD4+ T cells, suppresses T helper 17 cells, and promotes the production of virus-specific antibodies by activating T cell-dependent B cells. Moreover, vitamin D attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by CD4+ T cells through nuclear factor κB signaling, thereby inhibiting the development of a cytokine storm. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells after its spike proteins are bound to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Vitamin D increases the bioavailability and expression of ACE2, which may be responsible for trapping and inactivating the virus. Activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) is responsible for tissue destruction, inflammation, and organ failure related to SARS-CoV-2. Vitamin D inhibits renin expression and serves as a negative RAS regulator. In conclusion, vitamin D defends the body against SARS-CoV-2 through a novel complex mechanism that operates through interactions between the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, ACE2 expression, and inhibition of the RAS system. Multiple observation studies have shown that serum concentrations of 25 hydroxyvitamin D are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. The evidence gathered thus far, generally meets Hill’s causality criteria in a biological system, although experimental verification is not sufficient. We speculated that adequate vitamin D supplementation may be essential for mitigating the progression and severity of COVID-19. Future studies are warranted to determine the dosage and effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation among different populations of individuals with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Low-level plasma HIVs in patients on prolonged suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy are produced mostly by cells other than CD4 T-cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam K. Sahu ◽  
David Paar ◽  
Simon D.W. Frost ◽  
Melissa M. Smith ◽  
Scott Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Highly Active

Naive and Memory CD4+ T Cells Are Differentially Affected in Indonesian HIV Patients Responding to ART

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tanaskovic ◽  
Sonia Fernandez ◽  
Henny Saraswati ◽  
Evy Yunihastuti ◽  
Rino A. Gani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells

scholarly journals Tenofovir-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated with Superior CD4 T Cells Repopulation Compared to Zidovudine-Based HAART in HIV 1 Infected Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Sambo Badii ◽  
Kwame Ohene Buabeng ◽  
Thomas Agyarko Poku ◽  
Arnold Donkor Forkuo ◽  
Bright Boafo Boamah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Median Period ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Count Change ◽  
Zidovudine Regimen

Tenofovir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is one of the preferred first-line therapies in the management of HIV 1 infection. Ghana has since 2014 adopted this recommendation; however there is paucity of scientific data that reflects the safety and efficacy of the tenofovir-based therapy compared to zidovudine in the Ghanaian health system. This study sought to assess the comparative immune reconstitution potential between tenofovir and zidovudine-based HAART regimens, which includes lamivudine and efavirenz in combination therapy. It also aimed to investigate the adverse drug reactions/events (ADREs) associated with pharmacotherapy with these agents in a total of 106 HAART naïve HIV patients. The study included 80 patients in the tenofovir cohort while 26 patients were on the zidovudine regimen. The occurrence of HIV comorbidities profile was assessed at diagnosis and throughout the study period. The baseline CD4 T cells count of the participants was also assessed at diagnosis and repeated at a median period of five months (range 4–6 months), after commencing treatment with either tenofovir- or zidovudine-based HAART. After five months of the HAART, the tenofovir cohort recorded higher CD4 T cell count change from baseline compared to the zidovudine cohort (p<0.0001). The patients on the tenofovir-based HAART and female sex however appeared to be associated with more multiple ADREs.

scholarly journals Mucosal immune stimulation with HSV-2 and polyICLC boosts control of viremia in SIVΔNef vaccinated rhesus macaques with breakthrough SIV infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meropi Aravantinou ◽  
Olga Mizenina ◽  
Thilo Brill ◽  
Jessica Kenney ◽  
Christine Timmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Siv Infection ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTDevelopment of an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is among the highest priorities in the biomedical research agenda. Adjuvants enhance vaccine efficacy, but in the case of HIV, strong or inappropriate immune activation may undermine protection by increasing HIV susceptibility. Co-infection with immunomodulatory pathogens may also impact vaccine efficacy. In the rhesus macaque rectal SIVΔNef live attenuated vaccine model, we utilized a low virulence HSV-2 infection and the double-stranded RNA viral mimic polyICLC as tools to probe the effects of distinct types of immune activation on HIV vaccine efficacy and explore novel correlates of protection from wild type SIV. Rectally administered HSV-2 and polyICLC impacted the protection conferred by mucosal SIVΔNef vaccination by favoring partial protection in animals with breakthrough infection following virulent SIV challenge (“Controllers”). However, SIVΔNef persistence in blood and tissues did not predict protection in this rectal immunization and challenge model. Non-controllers had similar SIVΔNef viremia as completely protected macaques, and while they tended to have less replication competent SIVΔNef in lymph nodes, controllers had no recoverable virus in the lymph nodes. Non-controllers differed from protected macaques immunologically by having a greater frequency of pro-inflammatory CXCR3+CCR6+ CD4 T cells in blood and a monofunctional IFNγ-dominant CD8 T cell response in lymph nodes. Controller phenotype was associated with heightened IFNα production during acute SIV infection and a greater frequency of CXCR5+ CD4 T cells in blood pre-challenge despite a lower frequency of cells with the T follicular helper (Tfh) cell phenotype in blood and lymph nodes. Our results establish novel correlates of immunological control of SIV infection while reinforcing the potential importance of T cell functionality and location in SIVΔNef efficacy. Moreover, this work highlights that triggering of mucosal immunity can aid mucosal vaccine strategies rather than undermine protection.AUTHOR SUMMARYAn efficacious HIV vaccine is essential to contain the HIV pandemic. Vaccine-mediated protection from HIV may be either enhanced or obstructed by mucosal immune activation; thus, the impact of adjuvants and underlying co-infections that lead to immune activation needs to be evaluated. Using the SIV macaque model, we set out to study the impact of underlying infection with HSV-2 or treatment with the adjuvant polyICLC on rectal immunization with the live attenuated vaccine SIVΔNef. We found that neither stimulus impacted complete protection from SIV; however, the combination of HSV-2 and polyICLC improved control of infection in animals that were not completely protected. Compared with non-controller macaques, controllers had less inflammatory T cells before SIV challenge as well as greater gene expression of IFNα and more functional SIV-specific T cells after infection. The results add to our understanding of the mechanisms of SIVΔNef protection and demonstrate that mucosal immune activation does not necessarily undermine protection in mucosal vaccination against HIV.

scholarly journals Respiratory Care in Corona

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-620
Author(s):  
Mustafa Amdani, Dr. Swaroopa Chakole
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Care ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The expanse of the coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is huge. The impact is multispectral and affected almost all aspects of human life. SUMMARY Respiratory impact of the COVID-19 is the most felt and widely reported impact. As the novel coronavirus maintained its history of affecting lungs as seen previously in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Ventilators and oxygen support system are required mostly in comorbid patients particularly amongpatientsbearing illnesses like asthma, bronchial impairment and so on. CONCLUSION More study needs to be done in order to assess the impact on the respiratory functioning of the body. Respiratory care must be including proper instruments so that more efficient result can be obtained. Research is needed to promote the invention of specific therapy for targeted action for respiratory functioning improvement.

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