scholarly journals Analysis of temporal diversification of African Cyprinidae (Teleostei, Cypriniformes)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 806 ◽  
pp. 141-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam I. Adeoba ◽  
Kowiyou Yessoufou
Keyword(s):  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Freshwater System ◽  
African Cichlids ◽  
Wide Geographic Distribution ◽  
Very High

Recent evidence that freshwater fishes diversify faster than marine fishes signifies that the evolutionary history of biodiversity in freshwater system is of particular interest. Here, the evolutionary diversification events of African Cyprinidae, a freshwater fish family with wide geographic distribution, were reconstructed and analysed. The overall diversification rate of African Cyprinidae is 0.08 species per million year (when extinction rate is very high, i.e., ε = 0.9) and 0.11 species per million year (when ε = 0). This overall rate is lower than the rate reported for African Cichlids, suggesting that African freshwaters might be less conducive for a rapid diversification of Cyprinidae. However, the observed diversification events of African Cyprinidae occurred in the last 10 million years. The temporal pattern of these events follows a non-constant episodic birth-death model (Bayes Factor > 28) and the rate-constant model never outperformed any of the non-constant models tested. The fact that most diversification events occurred in the last 10 million years supports the pattern reported for Cyprinidae in other continent, e.g., Asia, perhaps pointing to concomitant diversification globally. However, the diversification events coincided with major geologic and paleo-climatic events in Africa, suggesting that geological and climatic events may have mediated the diversification patterns of Cyprinidae on the continent.

Taxonomic evolution in North American Neogene horses (subfamily Equinae): the rise and fall of an adaptive radiation

Paleobiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High ◽  
Radiation Phase

The 18 m.y. history of the subfamily Equinae (exclusive of Archaeohippus and “Parahippus”) in North America consisted of a 3-m.y. radiation phase, a 9-m.y. steady-state diversity phase, and a 6-m.y. reduction phase. During the steady-state phase, species richness varied between 14 and 20, with two maxima at about 13.5 and 6.5 Ma. Species richness of the tribes Hipparionini and Equini was about equal through the middle Miocene, but hipparionines consistently had more species in the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Overall mean species duration was 3.2 m.y. (n = 50), or an average extinction rate of 0.31 m.y.-1 During the radiation phase, speciation rates were very high (0.5 to 1.4 m.y.-1), while extinction rates were low (<0.10 m.y.-1). Speciation and extinction rates both averaged about 0.15 m.y.-1 during the steady-state phase, with extinction rates having more variation. Extinction rates increased fourfold during the reduction phase, while speciation rates declined slightly. Late Hemphillian extinctions affected both tribes severely, not just the three-toed hipparionines, and were correlated with global climatic change.

scholarly journals Antihypertensive Efficacy of Fixed Combination of Amlodipine and Ramipril in Patients with Arterial Hypertension and Very High Cardiovascular Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-845
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Korennova ◽  
S. P. Podolnaya ◽  
E. P. Prihodko ◽  
E. A. Turusheva ◽  
S. N. Starinskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Fixed Combination ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Antihypertensive Efficacy ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Coronary Artery Stenting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

Aim. To evaluate the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of amlodipine and ramipril in hypertensive patients with very high cardiovascular risk. Material and methods. A retrospective cohort study of real clinical practice of prescribing antihypertensive drugs according to 255 medical records of outpatient hypertensive patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and coronary artery stenting was performed in the first part. An open observational study was performed in the second part. 69 people older than 18 years with a history of ACS and coronary artery stenting, without reaching the target blood pressure (BP) level while using free combinations of antihypertensive drugs and with indications for a fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine were included into the study. Analysis of self-monitoring of BP, office BP, daily BP monitoring (ABPM) and patients’ adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green test) initially, after 4 and after 12 weeks of taking the fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine was performed to assess the clinical efficacy of the studied drug. Results. It was found that 42.0% of patients did not follow the recommendations for regular intake of antihypertensive drugs. So, hypertension of all patients regarded as false-refractory, which was the basis for the prescription of the fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine in accordance with clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. After 4 weeks of therapy, there was significant decrease in office BP with the achievement and preservation of the target level by the 12th week, normalization to the 12th week of day and night BP variability in 54.9% of patients. 78.0% of patients followed medical recommendations for regular administration of antihypertensive drugs, none of the patients had adverse events. Conclusion. The use of fixed combinations of drugs, in particular, amlodipine and ramipril as a part of multicomponent therapy in hypertensive patients with very high cardiovascular risk, led to the achievement of target BP by the 4th week of therapy and stable preservation of antihypertensive effect in 12 weeks of treatment as well as gradual normalization of day and night BP variability in more than half of patients. Fixed combination of ramipril and amlodipine allowed to improve adherence of patients to cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals AB0420 RISK OF DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1510.2-1510
Author(s):  
L. Kondrateva ◽  
T. Popkova ◽  
E. Nasonov ◽  
A. Lila
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systemic Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Very High

Background:Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have higher than in general population prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of developing type 2 DM, however routine measurement of insulin levels for DM risk assessment is uncomfortable in daily clinical practice. International Diabetes Federation recommends the use of patient questionnaires to quickly identify people who may be at a higher risk of DM development.Objectives:To determine the 10-years risk of developing type 2 DM in SLE patients using dedicated questionnaire - Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Form (FINDRISK) data.Methods:The study included 92 SLE patients without DM (83 women, 9 men, 39 [34; 47] years old). The median disease duration was 6 [2,14] years, SLEDAI-2K was 4[2;8]. SLE pts were treated with glucocorticoids (GC) (89%) and hydroxychloroquine (78%), immunosuppressive drugs (28%) and biological agents (10%). The control group consisted of 88 subjects without systemic rheumatic diseases, inflammatory arthritis or DM, matched by age and sex with SLE patients. Eight items of FINDRISK questionnaire (age, overweight, abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity, eating habits, history of antihypertensive drugs treatment, history of hyperglycemia) were taken into account to calculate the total risk score (TS). The risk of developing DM within following 10 years is regarded as low (1%) or slightly elevated (4%) with TS ≤11 points, as moderate (17%), high (33%) or very high (50%) with TS ≥12 points.Results:The risk of developing DM was low or slightly elevated in 65 (71%) SLE pts and moderate, high or very high in 27 (29%) pts. The difference was significant compared with the control group, in which 76 (86%) subjects had a low or slightly elevated risk and 12 (14%) had a moderate, high or very high risk (p=0,01). The number of risk factors (4[2;5]) and the median TS of SLE pts (9[5;12] points) were higher than values in control subjects (3[2,4] factors and 6[3;9] points, respectively) (p<0,01 for both). DM risk factors profiles were similar in two groups, except for higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (66% vs 41%, p<0,01) and history of antihypertensive drugs treatment (57% vs 17%, p<0,01) in SLE. There were positive correlations between TS and CRP levels (r=0,25, p=0,02), SLICC (r=0,36, p<0,01), HAQ (r=0,29, p<0,01), and negative correlations between TS and SLEDAI-2K (r= -0,32, p<0,01), glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI (r=-0,23, p=0,03). Current GC use had no influence on TS values in SLE.Conclusion:Patients with SLE were more likely than individuals without systemic rheumatic diseases to have a moderate, high and very high risk of developing DM, and therefore, required interventions to prevent the metabolic disease. Increased risk of developing DM was associated with most common traditional factors, especially by abdominal obesity and regular use of antihypertensive drugs that can be considered a kind of equivalent to the presence of hypertension. Curtain contribution of inflammation, lupus activity and irreversible damage index can’t be ignored. Clarification of SLE-specific phenomena in DM pathogenesis requires further research.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared

scholarly journals Multi-Locus Selection and the Structure of Variation at the white Gene of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Kirby ◽  
Wolfgang Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
White Gene ◽  
Transcriptional Unit ◽  
North American Population ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Locus Selection ◽  
Neutral Equilibrium ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

Abstract We surveyed sequence variation and divergence for the entire 5972-bp transcriptional unit of the white gene in 15 lines of Drosophila melanogaster and one line of D. simulans. We found a very high degree of haplotypic structuring for the polymorphisms in the 3′ half of the gene, as opposed to the polymorphisms in the 5′ half. To determine the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for this pattern, we sequenced a 1612-bp segment of the white gene from an additional 33 lines of D. melanogaster from a European and a North American population. This 1612-bp segment encompasses an 834bp region of the white gene in which the polymorphisms form high frequency haplotypes that cannot be explained by a neutral equilibrium model of molecular evolution. The small number of recombinants in the 834bp region suggests epistatic selection as the cause of the haplotypic structuring, while an investigation of nucleotide diversity supports a directional selection hypothesis. A multi-locus selection model that combines features from both-hypotheses and takes the recent history of D. melanogaster into account may be the best explanation for these data.

scholarly journals Prediction of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Pogosova ◽  
NP Kachanova ◽  
YM Yufereva ◽  
OY Sokolova ◽  
IE Koltunov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Ct Angiography ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Diagnostic Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
Very High

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Coronary atherosclerosis has a long subclinical period. It’s early detection may offer a possibility of timely initiation of preventive interventions Purpose To develop a diagnostic rule for detection of patients (pts) with high probability of subclinical atherosclerosis among those with high or very high cardiovascular (CV) risk. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 52 pts (32 men [62%]), aged 40 to 65 years [mean age 54.6 ± 8.0]) with high or very high CV risk (5-9 and ≥10% by The Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation Scale [SCORE], respectively). All participants underwent cardiac computed tomography (CT) angiography and calcium scoring. Traditional risk factors (RFs) (family history of premature CVD, smoking, overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipids parameters (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and lipids-related markers (apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, ApoB/ApoA1 ratio), biomarkers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs CRP], fibrinogen), indicator carbohydrate metabolism (glucose),  ankle-brachial index,  stress-test, carotid plaques according to ultrasound were evaluated in all pts. Psychological RFs were evaluated using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and DS-14 for type D personality. Results All pts were divided into 2 groups according to the CT angiography results: pts in the main group (n = 21) had any non-obstructive lesions or calcium score &gt;0, pts in the control group (n = 31) had intact coronary arteries. The groups did not differ in age or gender. 26 multiple linear logistic models for any subclinical atherosclerosis were developed based on obtained diagnostic features. Taking into account R-square = 0.344 (p = 0.0008), the best fitting model was follows:  subclinical coronary atherosclerosis= -1.576 + 0.234 x SCORE ≥5%  + 0.541 x hs CRP &gt;2 g/l + 0.015 x heart rate  (bpm) + 0.311 family history of premature CVD.  The developed algorithm had sensitivity of 63% and  specificity of 80%. Conclusions The created diagnostic model diagnostic model suggests the presence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in patients with high / very high CV risk with a high degree of probability. This easy-to-use method can be used in routine clinical practice to improve risk stratification and management choices in high-risk pts.

Basal Cambrian microfossils from the Yangtze Gorges area (South China) and the Aksu area (Tarim block, northwestern China)

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Dong ◽  
Shuhai Xiao ◽  
Bing Shen ◽  
Chuanming Zhou ◽  
Guoxiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
South China ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacteria ◽  
Primary Producers ◽  
Tarim Block ◽  
Eukaryotic Phytoplankton ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wide Geographic Distribution

The basal Cambrian marks the beginning of an important chapter in the history of life. However, most paleontological work on the basal Cambrian has been focused on skeletal animal fossils, and our knowledge about the primary producers—cyanobacteria and eukaryotic phytoplankton (e.g., acritarchs)—is limited. In this research, we have investigated basal Cambrian acritarchs, coccoidal microfossils, and cyanobacteria preserved in phosphorites and cherts of the Yanjiahe Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area (South China) and the Yurtus Formation in the Aksu area (Tarim Block, northwestern China). Our study confirms the occurrence in these two formations of small acanthomorphic acritarchs characteristic of the basal CambrianAsteridium–Comasphaeridium–Heliosphaeridium(ACH) assemblage. These acritarchs include abundantHeliosphaeridium ampliatimi(Wang, 1985) Yao et al., 2005, commonYurtusia uniformisn. gen. and n. sp., and rareComasphaeridium annulare(Wang, 1985) Yao et al., 2005. In addition, these basal Cambrian successions also contain the clustered coccoidal microfossilArchaeophycus yunnanensis(SonginLuo et al., 1982) n. comb., several filamentous cyanobacteria [Cyanonema majusn. sp.,Oscillatoriopsis longaTimofeev and Hermann, 1979, andSiphonophycus robustum(Schopf, 1968) Knoll et al., 1991], and the tabulate tubular microfossilMegathrix longusL. Yin, 1987a, n. emend. Some of these taxa (e.g.,H. ampliatum, C. annulare, andM. longus) have a wide geographic distribution but occur exclusively in basal Cambrian successions, supporting their biostratigraphic importance. Comparison between the stratigraphic occurrences of microfossils reported here and skeletal animal fossils published by others suggests that animals and phytoplankton radiated in tandem during the Cambrian explosion.

Abstract P019: A Single Model For Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events In Individuals With And Without History Of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (aric) Study

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yejin Mok ◽  
Lena Mathews ◽  
Ron C Hoogeveen ◽  
Michael J Blaha ◽  
Christie M Ballantyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Single Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

Background: In the 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol guideline, risk stratification is an essential element. The use of a Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) is recommended for individuals without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and the new dichotomous classification of very high-risk vs. high-risk has been introduced for patients with ASCVD. These distinct risk stratification systems mainly rely on traditional risk factors, raising the possibility that a single model can predict major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in persons with and without ASCVD. Methods: We studied 11,335 ARIC participants with (n=885) and without (n=10,450) a history of ASCVD (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and symptomatic peripheral artery disease) at baseline (1996-98). We modeled factors in the PCE and the new classification for ASCVD patients (Figure legend) in a single CVD prediction model. We examined their associations with MACEs (myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure) using Cox models and evaluated the discrimination and calibration for a single model including those factors. Results: During a median follow-up of 18.4 years, there were 3,658 MACEs (3,105 in participants without ASCVD). In general, the factors in the PCE and the risk classification system for ASCVD patients were associated similarly with MACEs regardless of baseline ASCVD status, although age and systolic blood pressure showed significant interactions. A single model with these predictors and the relevant interaction terms showed good calibration and discrimination for those with and without ASCVD (c-statistic=0.729 and 0.704, respectively) (Figure). Conclusion: A single CVD prediction model performed well in persons with and without ASCVD. This approach will provide a specific predicted risk to ASCVD patients (instead of dichotomy of very high vs. high risk) and eliminate a practice gap between primary vs. secondary prevention due to different risk prediction tools.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Three Person-to-Person Transmission Clusters of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Southeastern China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyong Tao ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Feng Ling ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Xuguang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Secondary Case ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
History Of ◽  
Severe Fever ◽  
Very High ◽  
Index Cases

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease worldwide. It can be transmitted from person to person, and the fatality rate is very high. During this study, three SFTS clusters including 12 associated cases were identified in three counties in Zhejiang Province from 2018 to 2020. The median age of the three index patients was 70 years, and that of secondary case patients was 59 years. Of note, the mortality rate of the index patients was 100%. The mortality rate of secondary case patients was 11%. The total secondary attack rate (SAR) was 30% (9/30). The SARs of cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C were 38% (3/8), 21% (3/14), and 38% (3/8), respectively. Additionally, the interval from onset to diagnosis was 4 days. The intervals from disease onset to confirmation of the index cases and secondary cases were 7 days and 4 days, respectively. All secondary case patients had a history of close contact with blood or body fluids of the index patients. These results indicate that SFTS patients should not be discharged until recovery. When SFTS patients die, the corpses should be transferred directly from the hospital to the crematorium for cremation by persons wearing proper protective equipment to prevent virus transmission.

scholarly journals Evolution of Philodendron (Araceae) species along Neotropical biomes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Loss-Oliveira ◽  
Cassia CMS Sakuragui ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Soares ◽  
Carlos G Schrago
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Ancestral Reconstruction ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wide Geographic Distribution

Philodendron is the second most diverse genus of the Araceae, a tropical monocot family with significant morphological diversity along its wide geographic distribution in the Neotropics. Although evolutionary studies of Philodendron were conducted in recent years, the phylogenetic relationship among its species remains unclear. Additionally, analyses conducted to date suggested the inclusion of all American representatives of a closely related genus, Homalomena, within the Philodendron clade. A thorough evaluation of the phylogeny and timescale of these lineages is thus necessary to elucidate the tempo and mode of evolution of this large Neotropical genus and to unveil the biogeographic history of Philodendron evolution along the Amazonian and Atlantic Rain Forests, as well as open dry forests of South America. To this end, we have estimated the molecular phylogeny for 68 Philodendron species, which consists of the largest sampling assembled to date aiming the study of the evolutionary affinities. We have also performed ancestral reconstruction of species distribution along biomes. Finally, we contrasted these results with the inferred timescale of Philodendron and Homalomena lineage diversification. Our estimates indicate that American Homalomena is the sister clade to Philodendron. The early diversification of Philodendron took place in the Amazon Forest from Early to Middle Miocene, followed by colonization of the Atlantic Forest and the savanna-like landscapes, respectively. Based on the age of the last common ancestor of Philodendron, the species of this genus diversified by rapid radiations, leading to its wide extant distribution in the Neotropical region.

Systematics and biogeography of the “Metacryphaeus group” Calmoniidae (Trilobita, Devonian), with comments on adaptive radiations and the geological history of the Malvinokaffric Realm

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce S. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South African ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Rapid Diversification

Phylogenetic parsimony analysis was used to classify the Siegenian–Eifelian “Metacryphaeus group” of the family Calmoniidae. Thirty-eight exoskeletal characters for 16 taxa produced a shortest-length cladogram with a consistency index of 0.49. A classification based on retrieving the structure of this cladogram recognizes nine genera: Typhloniscus Salter, Plesioconvexa n. gen., Punillaspis Baldis and Longobucco, Eldredgeia n. gen., Clarkeaspis n. gen., Malvinocooperella n. gen., Wolfartaspis Cooper, Plesiomalvinella Lieberman, Edgecombe, and Eldredge (used to represent the malvinellid clade), and Metacryphaeus Reed. The malvinellid clade is most closely related to a revised monophyletic Metacryphaeus. Typhloniscus is the basal member of the “Metacryphaeus group,” and the monotypic Wolfartaspis is sister to the clade containing the malvinellids and Metacryphaeus. Six new species are diagnosed: Punillaspis n. sp. A, “Clarkeaspis” gouldi, Clarkeaspis padillaensis, Malvinocooperella pregiganteus, Metacryphaeus curvigena, and Metacryphaeus branisai. Primitively, this group has South African and Andean affinities, and its evolutionary history suggests rapid diversification. In addition, evolutionary patterns in this group, and the distribution of character reversals, call into question certain notions about the nature of adaptive radiations. The distributions of taxa may answer questions about the number of marine transgressive/regressive cycles in the Emsian–Eifelian of the Malvinokaffric Realm.

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