Nocturnal feeding increases fat deposition in growing pigs

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sucrose as an energy source on energy utilization and protein retention by growing pigs. Growing pigs (20 to 50 kg live weight) were restrictively fed (three times maintenance) either a control wheat-based diet (14 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg), a sucrose-based diet (15 MJ DE per kg) or a wheat-based diet made i so-energetic with the sucrose diet by the addition of oil. Net energy (NE) content of the diet, energy utilization, protein and fat deposition were measured.Both the sucrose- and the iso-energetic wheat-based diets improved energy utilization and increased NE retention. They also increased fat deposition (P < 0·05) but had no effect on protein deposition (P > 0·05) compared with the wheat-based control. Increased DE utilization in the sucrose-based diet appeared due to (i) lower dietary fibre, (ii) a better balance of amino acids, or possibly due to (iii) increased fat synthesis due to sucrose metabolism. The lack of effect of sucrose on protein deposition appeared due to either (i) an increased amino acid requirement as a result of the higher NE content of the diet or (ii) preferential use of sucrose for fat deposition.

Download Full-text

Effect of Dietary Energy on Growth Performance and Fat Deposition of Lantang Growing Pigs

Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances ◽

10.3923/ajava.2012.412.419 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 412-419

Author(s):

X.F. Yang ◽

Z.Y. Jiang ◽

X.Y. Ma ◽

C.T. Zheng ◽

Y.C. Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Dietary Energy

Download Full-text

Effects of feeding level and sex on fat deposition and serum cholesterol in growing pigs

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600020882 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 138-138

Author(s):

J.A. Taylor ◽

D.N. Salter ◽

W.H. Close ◽

G.H. Laswai

Keyword(s):

Serum Cholesterol ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Hypercholesterolemic Diet ◽

Energy Retention ◽

The Difference ◽

Energy Balances ◽

Entire Male

Previous experiments at Shinfield (Taylor, Salter and Lister, 1990) have shown an association between serum cholesterol and carcass fatness. This was particularly marked when cholesterol levels had been altered through feeding a hypercholesterolemic diet. In the present experiment, serum cholesterol and fat deposition have been studied in entire and castrated pigs at different planes of nutrition and stages of growth.In a 2 x 2 factorial experiment (Taylor, Salter, Close, Laswai and Hudson, 1990) 18 castrated and 18 entire male pigs, of initial weight 20 kg, were fed either 2.25 (Low) or 3.4 (High) x maintenance energy requirements, to a scale based on liveweight. Nitrogen and energy balances (including calorimetry) were measured over 7-day periods when the pigs reached approximately 30, 60 and 90 kg. Fasting blood samples were taken on the morning after each balance period and serum was analysed for total- and HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol. LDL-cholesterol was calculated as: Total cholesterol - HDL-cholesterol - (triacylglycerol/6). Fat deposition was calculated as the difference between total energy retention and energy retained as protein.

Download Full-text

Effects of low protein diets on performance of pigs with a lean genotype between 40 and 115 kg liveweight

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an13051 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 461 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L. Bunger ◽

N. R. Lambe ◽

K. McLean ◽

G. Cesaro ◽

G. A. Walling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Low Protein

The aim of the work was to assess the effects of three dietary protein regimes on pig performance and nitrogen (N) excretion, in particular, whether performance can be maintained in lean, fast growing pigs when protein levels are reduced to limit N excretion. Entire male pigs of a lean genotype (Pietrain × Large White × Landrace), 192 in total in four batches, were grown from 40 to 115 kg in pens with four pigs per pen. The diets were: (i) a high-protein control regime; (ii) a low-protein regime in which protein was reduced by ~2 percentage units in each growth stage, but with levels of five essential amino acids the same as in the control (LP1); (iii) an even lower protein regime in which levels of essential amino acids were not maintained beyond 60 kg (LP2). The LP2 regime was designed to promote intramuscular fat deposition rather than efficient growth. Excretion of N was reduced by 17% and 19% in LP1 and LP2, respectively, compared with the control. Average daily gain was lower and feed conversion ratio higher in LP2 than the other regimes, as expected. The control and LP1, which differed in protein but not essential amino acid levels, produced broadly similar results for performance, but pigs in LP1 had poorer feed conversion than control pigs, which could be due to slightly greater fat deposition. The results show the difficulty in maintaining consistently high levels of performance in fast-growing, lean pigs when dietary protein levels are reduced.

Download Full-text

Effects of the amount and quality of dietary protein on nitrogen metabolism and heat production in growing pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19870095 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 277-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

M. F. Fuller ◽

A. Cadenhead ◽

G. Mollison ◽

B. Seve

Keyword(s):

Heat Production ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Latin Square ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Daily Rate ◽

Additional Protein ◽

Made In

1. Eight pigs with a mean weight of 48 kg were given, at a constant daily rate, diets of low (0.15) or high (0.30) protein content, very deficient in lysine, with or without a supplement of L-lysine (3.7 g/kg).2. Measurements of nitrogen and energy metabolism were made in four successive 14 d periods in a Latin-square design.3. The rate of protein accretion was substantially increased by increases in both protein and lysine supply, but the rate of heat production was not significantly changed.4. The rate of fat deposition varied inversely with the rate of protein accretion, being reduced by both protein and lysine supplements.5. The relation between heat production and protein accretion (allowing for a constant energy cost of fat deposition) suggested that heat production increased with additional protein accretion less when protein quality was improved than when more protein was given.

Download Full-text

Circadian misalignment imposed by nocturnal feeding tends to increase fat deposition in pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519003052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (5) ◽

pp. 529-536

Author(s):

Rik J. J. van Erp ◽

Sonja de Vries ◽

Theo A. T. G. van Kempen ◽

Leo A. Den Hartog ◽

Walter J. J. Gerrits

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Methane Production ◽

Mixed Linear Model ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Fasting Period ◽

Circadian Misalignment ◽

Nocturnal Feeding ◽

Nutrient Partitioning ◽

Feeding Rhythms ◽

Gross Energy

AbstractMisalignment of day/night and feeding rhythms has been shown to increase fat deposition and the risk for metabolic disorders in humans and rodents. In most studies, however, food intake and intake patterns are not controlled. We studied the effects of circadian misalignment on energy expenditure in pigs while controlling for food intake as well as intake patterns. Twelve groups of five male pigs were housed in respiration chambers and fed either during the day (10.00–18.00 hours; DF) or night (22.00–06.00 hours; NF), bihourly the same sequential meals, representing 15, 10, 25, 30 and 20 % of the daily allowance. Paired feeding was applied to ensure equal gross energy intake between treatments. Apparent total tract digestibility, energy balances and heat partitioning were measured and analysed using a mixed linear model. Apparent total tract energy and DM digestibility tended to be lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·10). Heat production was 3 % lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·026), increasing fat retention by 7 % in NF-pigs (P = 0·050). NF-pigs were less active than DF-pigs during the feeding period, but more active during the fasting period. RMR was greater for DF-pigs than NF-pigs during the fasting period. Methane production was 30 % greater in NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·001). In conclusion, circadian misalignment has little effect on nutrient digestion, but alters nutrient partitioning, ultimately increasing fat deposition. The causality of the association between circadian misalignment and methane production rates remains to be investigated.

Download Full-text

The respiratory quotient in relation to fat deposition in fattening–growing pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19930037 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 333-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kirsten Jakobsen ◽

Grete Thorbekt

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Respiratory Quotient ◽

Live Weight ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Commercial Feed ◽

The Common ◽

Total Fat ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between non-protein respiratory quotient (RQnp) and total fat retention (RFAT) or fat retained from synthesized carbohydrates (RFAT(CHO)) was evaluated from experiments with fattening–growing pigs in the live weight (LW) range from 45 to 120 kg. A commercial feed compound (31 g fat/kg) was fed at low (LI) or high (HI) feed intake in Expt 1, while a semi-purified diet (9.5 g fat/kg) was given without (LO) or with (HO) supplement of 90 g soya-bean oil/kg in Expt 2. RQnp was calculated from 24 h measurements of the gas exchange, RFAT from 7 d N and C balances and RFAT(CHO) from differences between RFAT and digested fat. The measurements showed that about 85 % of the total gas exchange was caused by oxidation of non-protein nutrients and the RQnp varied from 1.00 to 1.34. In Expt 1 RFAT increased with LW from 46 to 141 and from 199 to 335 g/d on LI and HI respectively, whilst in Expt 2 RFAT increased from 191 to 377 and from 267 to 511 g/d on LO and HO respectively. A pronounced linearity was found between RQnp and RFAT for all diets, but the curve for Expt 2 on HO had a lower position than the common curve for the other diets. By relating RQnp to RFAT(CHO) a common linear curve and regression equation could be established in spite of the great variation in dietary composition, intake of fat and fat deposition.

Download Full-text

Relationships between blood lipids and backfat thickness in growing pigs

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200595039 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1997 ◽

pp. 62-62

Author(s):

Teck-Chwen Loh ◽

Ian J. Lean ◽

Peter F. Dodds

Keyword(s):

Plasma Lipids ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Neonatal Pigs ◽

Piglet Mortality ◽

Heparin Affinity

Adipose triacylglycerol is mobilised during late pregnancy in humans and rats: the liberated fatty acids are incorporated into very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) by the liver and secreted into the blood stream. Similar hypertriacylglycerolaemia was also found in late-pregnant sows (Wright et al, 1995). It has been shown that VLDL can be separated into two subfractions by heparin-affinity chromatography. The proportion of VLDL-subfraction 2 (higher affinity for heparin) from pregnant sows was related to piglet mortality. The purpose of this investigation was to extend the study to seek relationships between fat deposition and plasma lipids, VLDL lipids and VLDL-subfractions in growing pigs. As most of the fat deposited in the adipose tissue of neonatal pigs is derived from the plasma lipoprotein, it seemed likely that the rate of fat deposition would be influenced by the concentration and nature of available lipoprotein in the plasma.

Download Full-text

Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 and cholesterol in relation to protein and fat deposition in growing pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100037533 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 257-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. A. Taylor ◽

D. N. Salter ◽

W. H. Close ◽

G. H. Laswai

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Serum Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Live Weight ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Protein Deposition

AbstractThe nutrient partitioning of growing pigs was altered through nutrition and castration in order to investigate the relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFl) and protein deposition and serum cholesterol and fat deposition. In a 2 × 2 factorial experiment 18 entire and 18 castrated male pigs, of 20 kg initial live weight, were given either 2·25 (low) or 3·4 (high) times maintenance energy requirements to a scale based on live weight. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured over 7-day periods when the pigs reached about 30, 60 and 90 kg. Fasting blood samples were taken at each weight and serum was analysed for IGFl and insulin and total- and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Protein and fat deposition, IGFl and cholesterol concentrations were higher for pigs given the high, as opposed to the low, feeding level. Protein deposition and IGFl concentrations were higher for entire males, as opposed to castrated males, whereas fat deposition and cholesterol concentrations were higher in castrated than in entire males. IGFl and protein deposition increased with age for entire but not for castrated males. Conversely, fat deposition increased with age in castrated but not in entire males. There was no effect of age on serum cholesterol. Serum IGFl was correlated with protein deposition at 30, 60 and 90 kg (r = 0·40, r = 0·63 and r = 0·67; P < 0·05, P < 0·002 and P < 0001 respectively, no. = 36). Serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were correlated with fat deposition at 60 and 90 kg (r = 0·65 and r = 0·54; both P < 0·001 for total cholesterol; r = 0·66 and r = 0·50; both P < 0·001 for LDL-cholesterol). Insulin levels were similar for pigs in all treatment groups. It is concluded that serum IGFl and cholesterol may give a useful indication of protein and fat deposition in pigs of between 60 and 90 kg live weight.

Download Full-text