Effects of low protein diets on performance of pigs with a lean genotype between 40 and 115 kg liveweight

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bunger ◽  
N. R. Lambe ◽  
K. McLean ◽  
G. Cesaro ◽  
G. A. Walling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein

The aim of the work was to assess the effects of three dietary protein regimes on pig performance and nitrogen (N) excretion, in particular, whether performance can be maintained in lean, fast growing pigs when protein levels are reduced to limit N excretion. Entire male pigs of a lean genotype (Pietrain × Large White × Landrace), 192 in total in four batches, were grown from 40 to 115 kg in pens with four pigs per pen. The diets were: (i) a high-protein control regime; (ii) a low-protein regime in which protein was reduced by ~2 percentage units in each growth stage, but with levels of five essential amino acids the same as in the control (LP1); (iii) an even lower protein regime in which levels of essential amino acids were not maintained beyond 60 kg (LP2). The LP2 regime was designed to promote intramuscular fat deposition rather than efficient growth. Excretion of N was reduced by 17% and 19% in LP1 and LP2, respectively, compared with the control. Average daily gain was lower and feed conversion ratio higher in LP2 than the other regimes, as expected. The control and LP1, which differed in protein but not essential amino acid levels, produced broadly similar results for performance, but pigs in LP1 had poorer feed conversion than control pigs, which could be due to slightly greater fat deposition. The results show the difficulty in maintaining consistently high levels of performance in fast-growing, lean pigs when dietary protein levels are reduced.

scholarly journals 46 How far we could go reducing crude protein with the use of supplemental amino acids

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Candido Pomar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Protein Reduction

Abstract Feeding growing pigs with diets providing the required amount of essential and non-essential amino acids (AA) reduces energy expenditure and minimizes N excretion. Low protein diets can be obtained by supplementing feeds with crystalline AA. Numerous experiments have evaluated the ideal dietary AA concentration at different growth stages, but reducing dietary protein with the use of supplemental AA is limited by the inaccuracy of the principles used to estimate AA requirements. One of these principles states that growing animals need AA for maintenance and growth. Maintenance requirements are related to BW whereas the efficiency of AA utilization (e.g., 72% for Lys) and body protein AA composition are constant (e.g., 7% for Lys). These parameters are, however, affected by AA restriction, meal frequency, energy supply, genetics, etc. Even when controlling these factors, individual pigs respond differently to the same AA supply. Yet pigs are raised in groups and fed with a unique feed for long periods. Individual pigs within a given population differ in terms of BW, ADG, health status, etc., and consequently, differ in the amount of AA they need at a given time. Therefore, when feeding a group of pigs, the concept of maintenance and growth requirements may not be appropriate. In this situation, nutrient requirements should be seen as the optimal balance between the proportion of animals that needs to be overfed and underfed. Given that for most AA, underfed animals exhibit reduced performance, whereas overfed animals exhibit near-optimal performance, optimal growth is obtained when nutrients are provided to satisfy the requirements of the most demanding animals. There is therefore a trade-off between performance and dietary protein reduction. The inaccuracy of the principles used to estimate AA requirements, both for individual animals and populations, limits how far we can go reducing dietary protein with the use of supplemental AA.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Levels on Fecal Crude Protein, Amino Acids Flow Amount, Fecal and Ileal Microbial Amino Acids Composition and Amino Acid Digestibility in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2092
Author(s):  
Zhenguo Yang ◽  
Tianle He ◽  
Gifty Ziema Bumbie ◽  
Hong Hu ◽  
Qingju Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of low protein corn-soybean meal-based diets on fecal CP, amino acid (AA) flow amount, AA digestibility and fecal and ileal microbial AA composition in growing pigs. Eighteen pigs (initial body weight = 30 ± 1.35) were randomly divided into three groups and fed with basal diets with CP levels of 12%, 15% and 18%, respectively. The Lys, Met + Cys, Thr and Trp level in the 12% CP and 15% CP groups is the same as 18% CP group by the addition of four crystalline Lys, Met + Cys, Thr and Trp to the diet. The results showed that with the decrease of dietary CP level from 18% to 12%, the fecal total nitrogen (N), CP and total AA (TAA) flow amount decreased linearly (p < 0.05). Dry matter (DM) digestibility, CP digestibility, TAA digestibility, essential amino acid (EAA) digestibility and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) digestibility increased linearly with the decrease of dietary CP concentration from 18% to 12%. Compared with 18% CP group, the flow amount of Asp, Ser, Glu, Gly, Tyr, Val, Leu and Phe in feces of pigs in the 15% CP group and 12% CP group decreased significantly, while the flow amount of Arg in the 15% CP group was lower than that in the 18% CP group and 12% CP group. The fecal microbial N and AA of the 15% CP group were higher than those of the 18% CP and 12% CP groups. Fecal TAA flow amount decreased linearly with the decrease of the dietary CP levels from 18% to 12%. Fecal TAA and NEAA flow amount also decreased linearly with the decrease of dietary CP level from 18% to 12%. Except for Glu, Gly, Met, Tyr, Thr and Phe, there were significant differences among the three groups in the composition of 17 kinds of AAs in fecal microorganisms. Among the 17 AA compositions of ileal microorganisms, except Tyr and Lys, the other AAs were significantly different among the three groups (p < 0.05)

THE EFFECT OF THE ESSENTIAL TO NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACID RATIO ON TURKEY PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. BEDFORD ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Total Protein Intake

The effect of altering the proportion of dietary protein supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) on the performance and carcass characteristics of young turkeys (to 3 wk of age) was investigated at three dietary protein levels (22, 26 and 30%) using semipurified diets. Four ratios of EAA to nonessential amino acids (NEAA) were employed (70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60) at each dietary protein level. Maxima in weight gain, percent and total carcass protein and feed intake were observed when EAA supplied 60% of total protein (i.e., the 60:40 ratio) at each protein level. The differences in weight gain and total carcass protein were largely attributed to differences in feed intake, since feed conversion efficiency was relatively unaffected by altering the EAA: NEAA ratio. More specifically, weight gain was shown to be limited by total protein intake. Since weight gain was maximized at the 60:40 ratio diets (in which all EAA are supplied at 128% of requirement) at least one of the EAA requirement values is incorrect. Key words: Turkeys, essential amino acids, protein requirement

Phytocorrection of biochemical status and productivity when fattening barrows on low-protein diets enriched with essential amino acids

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
A. G. Solovieva ◽  
K. T. Erimbetov ◽  
O. V. Obvintseva
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Experimental Group

The effect of the plant ecdysteroid-containing preparation of Leuzea extract on the metabolism and productivity of barrows (three-breed crossbreeds Landrace × large white × Duroc) during fattening on low-protein diets enriched with essential amino acids from 130 to 212 days old was studied for the first time. In the control and experimental groups, a low-protein barley-wheat diet with the addition of essential amino acids contained (g / kg) crude protein - 108 g, metabolic energy - 12.5 MJ, lysine - 7.6 g, threonine - 5.4 g, methionine - 5.2 g. In the experimental group, liquid extract of leuzea was introduced into the feed, at the rate of 190 mg / kg. Feeding the barrows during the fattening period of the leuzea extract contributed to an increase in the efficiency of the use of nutrients in biosynthetic processes in animals. In the barrows of the experimental group, the concentrations of total protein (P≤0.05), albumin (P≤0.05), creatinine (P≤0.05), lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase activity at a lower level were statistically significantly higher urea (16.1%, P≤0.05) and glucose (P≤0.05). In the experimental group, during the period of fattening, the average daily gain in live weight was higher (by 10.2%, P≤0.05), the yield in the carcass of muscle tissue (P≤0.05), the indices of lean and meatiness, and lower the cost of feed (P≤ 0.05), crude protein (P≤0.05) and exchange energy (P≤0.05) per 1 kg of gain in live weight, output of subcutaneous adipose tissue and internal fat in comparison with the control. It was concluded that the use of a leuzea extract containing phytoecdysteroids, while feeding low-protein diets enriched with lysine, methionine and threonine, corrects metabolic processes, stimulating the biosynthesis of meat components, and thereby contributes to an increase in the productivity of barrows during fattening.

scholarly journals The effect of replacement of fish meal with Amino Acids and Optimized Protein Levels in the diet of the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
A-W. Abdel-Warith ◽  
N. Al-Asgah ◽  
Y. El-Sayed ◽  
A. El-Otaby ◽  
S. Mahboob
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract This study was conducted to determine an appropriate replacement of fishmeal with amino acids (AAs) and optimized protein levels in practical diets for Oreochromis niloticus with mean initial body weight 12.52±0.63g. Six experimental and a control diet (total 7 diets) divided into two groups, and a control diet (D1) containing 32% protein. The first group contained three diets that included different dietary protein levels, viz. 20 (D2), 25 (D3), and 30% (D4) with AAs when replacing fishmeal by plant protein sources. In the second group, the diets were contained 20 (D5), 25 (D6), and 30% (D7) without AAs. The best growth performance was achieved in fish fed with diet D1. Total feed intake was increased with an increase in dietary protein level with AAs. The specific growth rate showed a similar pattern with a significant difference between control, D4 and D7 compared to other groups. The feed conversion ratio decreased when protein levels in the diets increased. The protein efficiency ratio showed a similar performance, with a slight increase between the control diet and diets with AAs. However, insignificant differences (P>0.05) were observed between diets with and without AAs. An economic evaluation indicated that inclusion of low fishmeal in tilapia diets reduced the price/kg of diets compared to control.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 3. Response to differences in levels of both energy and protein

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cooke ◽  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty eight gilts by Landrace sires out of Large White × Landrace females were allocated on the basis of litter relation-ship and initial weight to 16 treatments involving the individual feeding of four dietary protein levels (approximately 15%, 18%, 21% and 24% CP) at each of four energy levels (2830, 3100, 3375 and 3585 kcal DE/kg air-dry feed). Amino acid balance (as% of total CP) was maintained relatively constant, using synthetic lysine and methionine where necessary. Growth performance was measured over a live-weight range of 23 kg to 59 kg, at which latter weight the pigs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation by dissection of the middle ‘joint’ from a half carcass. Linear carcass measure-ments were also taken. There was a significant energy × protein interaction only for killing-out percentage; for all other measures the main effects could be assessed independently. Increase in dietary energy value gave linear increase in growth rate (GR) and improve-ment in efficiency of feed conversion (EFC), accompanied by linear decrease in lean percentage and increase in fat percentage. Increase in dietary protein level gave an increase in GR and improvement in EFC with the first increment (from 15% to 18% CP), but depressions in both these characteristics with the final increment (from 21% to 24% CP). Lean percentage increased and fat percentage decreased with the first protein increment, with no further significant changes. Calculation of daily rates of tissue deposition indicated that maximum rate and efficiency of fat-free carcass gain could be attained with the second lowest energy and protein levels tested (i.e. 3106 kcal DE/kg and 18·2% CP).

scholarly journals The response of fast-, medium- and slow-growing chickens to a low protein diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Darina Chodová ◽  
Eva Tůmová ◽  
Mohamed Ketta
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Slow Growing

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two dietary protein levels on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters in fast- (Ross 308), medium- (JA757), and slow-growing (ISA Dual) chickens to assess the interaction of the two factors. Each genotype was divided into a control group fed a commercial type of feed mixture and an experimental group fed a low-protein diet (LP). The trial was terminated after a common period of fattening of each genotype, and 20 chickens per group (sex ratio 1 : 1) were selected for the carcass and meat analysis. The results indicated that the LP diet decreased growth (P &lt; 0.001) and increased feed consumption (P &lt; 0.001) more in the fast-growing than in the slow-growing genotypes; however, reduced mortality was detected in fast-growing chickens. The LP diet had a negative effect on the European performance efficiency factor (P &lt; 0.001) in fast- (–10%) and medium-growing (–6%) but not in slow-growing chickens. The main effect of the genotype on the carcass characteristics included the highest (P &lt; 0.001) dressing out and breast percentage in fast-growing chickens and the highest (P &lt; 0.001) percentage of thigh and abdominal fat in the slow-growing genotype. The LP diet had only a minor effect on the carcass traits. Regarding meat quality characteristics, slow-growing chickens were characterized by higher contents of dry matter (P &lt; 0.001) and crude protein (P &lt; 0.001) and lower contents of ether extract (P &lt; 0.001) and cholesterol (P &lt; 0.001) compared to medium- and fast-growing chickens. The individual effects of the genotypes were manifested by the largest cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres of pectoralis major in fast-growing chickens (P &lt; 0.001). The results of the present study indicate a significant interaction of the dietary protein levels and genotypes in growth performance and a negligible effect on the carcass composition and physical and chemical quality of meat

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 4. Effects of sex on response to dietary protein level

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
B. Hardy ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYTwo barrows and two gilts from each of 16 litters, by Landrace sires out of Large White × Landrace females, were fed individually one of 4 dietary protein levels (approximately 14%, 17%, 20% and 23% CP) at a common energy level (approximately 3165 kcal/kg DE), from an initial weight of 23 kg to slaughter at 59 kg.The 17% CP diet gave 19% faster growth and 17% better feed conversion than the 14% CP diet (P < 0·01) with no evident change resulting from further increase in protein level, while the 23% CP diet gave 29% more lean than the 14% CP diet (P< 0·01), as assessed by dis-section of a sample joint.There were no significant differences between sexes in growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion or carcass composition. Only depth of backfat on the shoulder and at ‘K’ and carcass length showed significant (P < 0·05) sex differences, and the only sex × diet interaction was in eye-muscle area. The results are discussed in relation to those presented in the previous three papers of the series.

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