Circadian misalignment imposed by nocturnal feeding tends to increase fat deposition in pigs

AbstractMisalignment of day/night and feeding rhythms has been shown to increase fat deposition and the risk for metabolic disorders in humans and rodents. In most studies, however, food intake and intake patterns are not controlled. We studied the effects of circadian misalignment on energy expenditure in pigs while controlling for food intake as well as intake patterns. Twelve groups of five male pigs were housed in respiration chambers and fed either during the day (10.00–18.00 hours; DF) or night (22.00–06.00 hours; NF), bihourly the same sequential meals, representing 15, 10, 25, 30 and 20 % of the daily allowance. Paired feeding was applied to ensure equal gross energy intake between treatments. Apparent total tract digestibility, energy balances and heat partitioning were measured and analysed using a mixed linear model. Apparent total tract energy and DM digestibility tended to be lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·10). Heat production was 3 % lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·026), increasing fat retention by 7 % in NF-pigs (P = 0·050). NF-pigs were less active than DF-pigs during the feeding period, but more active during the fasting period. RMR was greater for DF-pigs than NF-pigs during the fasting period. Methane production was 30 % greater in NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·001). In conclusion, circadian misalignment has little effect on nutrient digestion, but alters nutrient partitioning, ultimately increasing fat deposition. The causality of the association between circadian misalignment and methane production rates remains to be investigated.

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Effect of low and high forage diet on enteric and manure pack greenhouse gas emissions from a feedlot

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a03-079 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 445-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

D. A. Boadi ◽

K. M. Wittenberg ◽

S. L. Scott ◽

D. Burton ◽

K. Buckley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Methane Production ◽

Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Enteric Fermentation ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Isocaloric Diets ◽

Dietary Treatments

The objectives of this study were to assess enteric methane (CH4) production by beef steers fed one of two isocaloric diets with different forage:grain ratios and to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from bedded manure packs in the eight feedlot pens holding these steers (14 head pen-1). Five animals (252 ± 20 kg) in each pen were randomly selected for measurement of CH4 emissions over the course of the 126-d feeding trial. Two 24-h gas collections were completed for each steer in each of three collection periods using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique. The fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from bedding packs were measured using vented static chambers in each sampling period. Methane production (L d-1) was 42% higher (P < 0.05) from steers fed the low forage:grain ratio than from steers fed the high forage:grain ratio. Overall, methane production (% of gross energy intake) ranged from 0.9 to 6.9% on the low forage:grain diet and from 0.7 to 4.9% on the high forage:grain diet. Daily CH4 emissions were similar in the first two periods and increased during the third sampling period. There was no effect of diet on manure pack temperature during sampling, however, the manure pack was deeper (P < 0.05) in pens holding animals fed the high forage:grain diet. Furthermore, diet had no effect on the manure pack fluxes. Total daily non-CO2 emissions from enteric and manure pack sources (CO2 equivalent) were different (P < 0.05) between dietary treatments and averaged 1931 ± 81 g head-1 d-1 for the low forage:grain and 1394 ± 81 g head-1 d-1 for the high forage:grain diet. Key words: Feedlot steers, greenhouse gases, enteric fermentation, manure packs

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Postprandial changes in plasma growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and IGF-binding proteins in coho salmon fasted for varying periods

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.90939.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 297 (2) ◽

pp. R352-R361 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Munetaka Shimizu ◽

Kathleen A. Cooper ◽

Walton W. Dickhoff ◽

Brian R. Beckman

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Food Intake ◽

Binding Proteins ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Fasting Period ◽

Igf Binding Proteins ◽

Igf I ◽

Igf Binding ◽

Single Meal

We examined postprandial changes in circulating growth hormone (GH), insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in yearling coho salmon under different feeding regimes. Fish were initially fasted for 1 day, 1 wk, or 3 wk. Fasted fish were then fed, and blood was collected at 4-h intervals over 26 h. After the various periods of fasting, basal levels of insulin were relatively constant, whereas those of IGF-I, IGFBPs and GH changed in proportion to the duration of the fast. A single meal caused a rapid, large increase in the circulating insulin levels, but the degree of the increase was influenced by the fasting period. IGF-I showed a moderate increase 2 h after the meal but only in the regularly fed fish. Plasma levels of 41-kDa IGFBP were increased in all groups within 6 h after the single meal. The fasting period did not influence the response of 41-kDa IGFBP to the meal. IGFBP-1 and GH decreased after the meal to the same extent among groups regardless of the fasting period. The present study shows that insulin and IGF-I respond differently to long (weeks)- and short (hours)-term nutritional changes in salmon; insulin maintains its basal level but changes acutely in response to food intake, whereas IGF-I adjusts its basal levels to the long-term nutritional status and is less responsive to acute nutritional input. IGFBPs maintain their sensitivity to food intake, even after prolonged fasting, suggesting their critical role in the nutritional regulation of salmon growth.

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Nocturnal feeding increases fat deposition in growing pigs

Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition ◽

10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_76 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

R.J.J. van Erp ◽

T.A.T.G. van Kempen ◽

S. de Vries ◽

W.J.J. Gerrits

Keyword(s):

Fat Deposition ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Nocturnal Feeding

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Satiation and compensation for short-term changes in food quality and availability in young Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z04-082 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 82 (7) ◽

pp. 1061-1069 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

David A.S Rosen ◽

Andrew W Trites

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Prey Availability ◽

Energy Content ◽

High Energy ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Eumetopias Jubatus ◽

Steller Sea Lions ◽

Short Term ◽

Sea Lions ◽

Gross Energy

Foraging theory predicts that animals should proportionately increase their food intake to compensate for reduced food energy content and (or) prey availability. However, the theoretical intake levels will, at some point, exceed the digestive capacity of the predator. We tested the ability of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776), to compensate for short-term changes in prey energy density and availability, and quantified the maximum amount of food a young sea lion could consume. Five 1–2-year-old captive Steller sea lions were offered either herring (high energy) or capelin (low energy) each day or every second day. When prey were available on a daily basis, the sea lions compensated for differences in the energy content of herring and capelin by consuming sufficient quantities of each (8.3 vs. 14.0 kg·d–1, respectively) to maintain equivalent gross energy intakes. When herring was available only on alternate days, the sea lions increased their consumption by 52% to 11.5 kg·d–1, which was not sufficient to maintain an average gross intake equal to that maintained when herring was available every day. When capelin was available only on alternate days, some animals increased their intake for a few days, but average intake (15.2 kg·d–1) was far below levels observed during daily feeding. Generally, the sea lions appeared to reach their digestive limit at a level equivalent to 14%–16% of their body mass. Our findings suggest that Steller sea lions can alter their food intake in response to short-term changes in prey quality or availability, but that these variables can quickly combine to necessitate food intake levels that exceed the physiological digestive capacities of young animals.

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Estimating Food Intake by Captive Emus, Dromaius Novaehollandiae, by Means of Sodium-22 Turnover.

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr9850455 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 455 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

RM Herd

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Reliable Method ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Free Living ◽

Dromaius Novaehollandiae ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Food Consumed

The rate of 22Na turnover was measured in 4 captive emus each fed on 3 diets. There was a close relationship between 22Na turnover and the intake of dietary sodium (r = 0.92), DM (r = 0.93), gross energy and metabolizable energy (r = 0.94). DM intake, estimated from 22Na turnover, accounted for 89% of the variation in actual DM intake, and suggested that 22Na turnover could provide a reliable method for estimating food consumption by populations of free-living emus. However, estimates of food consumed by individual animals may not be reliable.

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Photoperiodic entrainment of seasonal changes in appetite and growth in pony colts

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600033468 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 133-133

Author(s):

Z. Fuller ◽

J.E. Cox ◽

C. McG. Argo

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Environmental Pressures ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Forage Availability ◽

Photoperiodic Regime ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Pelleted Diet ◽

Voluntary Food Intake

During winter, voluntary food intake (VFI) and growth decreased in light horse weanlings given ad libitum access to a forage/concentrate diet (Cymbaluk et al, 1989). These changes were attributed to decreased ambient temperatures. However, photoperiodically entrained seasonal changes in VFI and growth are documented in other Northern ungulates (Moen, 1978) and may comprise an adaptation to changes in forage availability. Throughout their evolution, horses experienced similar environmental pressures and may demonstrate similar photoperiodic adaptations. This study characterised changes in VFI and growth in pony colts maintained under an artificial photoperiodic regime.Seven, 2 year-old pony colts of Welsh Mountain type (182.4 ± 5.4 kg), were obtained from pasture (53°N). Animals were individually housed in loose-boxes, within a light-proof building. Measured quantities of a complete pelleted diet (gross energy = 16.7 MJ.kgDM-1), calculated to exceed appetite by at least 1 kg, were offered daily.

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Effects of protein supplementation on anorexia and expression of immunity in parasitized periparturient ewes of two different breeds

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200019979 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007 ◽

pp. 94-94

Author(s):

K. Zaralis ◽

B.J. Tolkamp ◽

J.G.M. Houdijk ◽

I. Kyriazakis

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Food Intake ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Disease Models ◽

Production Potential ◽

Sheep Breeds ◽

Periparturient Period ◽

Nutrient Partitioning ◽

High Production

The breakdown of acquired immunity during the periparturient period in the ewe can be reduced by metabolizable protein (MP) supplementation (Houdijk et al 2001). Recent evidence suggests that the development of immune response results in reduced food intake (anorexia) in many disease models (Materase et al, 2005). However, it is not known whether an immune response following the periparturient relaxation of immunity is associated with a reduction in food intake and whether this is affected by protein supplementation in parasitized ewes. In addition, differences in nutrient partitioning between sheep breeds that differ in production potential may affect the ability of the hosts to express immunity and this may be reflected by differences in their magnitude and/or duration of anorexia. The aim of the present study was to test the hypotheses that: a) nematode infection during the periparturient period results in anorexia and protein supplementation can effect the degree of anorexia in ewes, and b) ewes of a high production potential breed show higher breakdown of acquired immunity than ewes of a low production potential breed, and exhibit higher degree of anorexia.

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Triiodothyronine Stimulates Food Intake via the Hypothalamic Ventromedial Nucleus Independent of Changes in Energy Expenditure

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2004-0545 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 145 (11) ◽

pp. 5252-5258 ◽

Cited By ~ 105

Author(s):

Wing May Kong ◽

Niamh M. Martin ◽

Kirsty L. Smith ◽

James V. Gardiner ◽

Ian P. Connoley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Peripheral Circulation ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Early Gene ◽

Ventromedial Nucleus ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Iodothyronine Deiodinase ◽

Nocturnal Feeding

Abstract Increased food intake is characteristic of hyperthyroidism, although this is presumed to compensate for a state of negative energy balance. However, here we show that the thyroid hormone T3 directly stimulates feeding at the level of the hypothalamus. Peripheral administration of T3 doubled food intake in ad libitum-fed rats over 2 h and induced expression of the immediate early gene, early growth response-1, in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN), whereas maintaining plasma-free T3 levels within the normal range. T3-induced feeding occurred without altering energy expenditure or locomotion. Injection of T3 directly into the VMN produced a 4-fold increase in food intake in the first hour. The majority of T3 in the brain is reported to be produced by tissue-specific conversion of T4 to T3 by the enzyme type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2). Hypothalamic D2 mRNA expression showed a diurnal variation, with a peak in the nocturnal feeding phase. Hypothalamic D2 mRNA levels also increased after a 12- and 24-h fast, suggesting that local production of T3 may play a role in this T3 feeding circuit. Thus, we propose a novel hypothalamic feeding circuit in which T3, from the peripheral circulation or produced by local conversion, stimulates food intake via the VMN.

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Energy partitioning and methane emission by sheep fed sorghum silages at different maturation stages

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-7177 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 790-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F.S. Machado ◽

N.M. Rodríguez ◽

L.C. Gonçalves ◽

J.A.S. Rodrigues ◽

M.N. Ribas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Methane Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Energy Partitioning ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Maturation Stage ◽

Maturation Stages ◽

Gross Energy

Energy partitioning and methane production by sheep fed silages of three commercially available sorghum hybrids (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) harvested at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and floury) were evaluated in open circuit respiration chambers. A complete randomized design was used in a 3 × 3 (hybrids × maturity stages) factorial arrangement, and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P<0.05). The intake of dry matter, digestible dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy and metabolizable energy were not affected by maturation stage, but were influenced by hybrid. The net energy intake was influenced by maturity and sorghum genetics. The fecal output represented the main source of energy loss, as percentage of gross energy intake (48% to 52%), followed by heat increment (10% to 19%), methane emissions (4% to 6%) and urine (1% to 2%). There were no differences (P>0.10) among the treatments for the apparent digestibility of gross energy and metabolizability (qm). An interaction (P<0.05) between sorghum hybrid and maturation stages was observed for the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance (km), which ranged between 0.53 and 0.78. No differences (P>0.10) among treatments occurred in the daily methane production. There is substantial genetic diversity within sorghum species, determining different nutritional values. Sorghum genetics and maturity at harvest should not be an opportunity to reduce the contribution of agriculture to methane emissions.

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