Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf Extracts of Two Medicinal Plants Against MRSA (Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) from Human Urinary Tract Pathogens

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 625-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Balasundar ◽  
P. Rathna Kumari ◽  
George John ◽  
B.N. Selvakumar
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Leaf Extracts

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of Sida acuta, Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus muellerianus against microorganisms implicated in urinary tract infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-168
Author(s):  
T. M. Obuotor ◽  
A. O. Kolawole ◽  
F. O. Adeyanju ◽  
S. S. Adewumi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phyllanthus Amarus ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Sida Acuta ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Tract Infections

Increasing level of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens causing Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most significant public health challenges globally. Hence, the search for alternatives from medicinal plants. This study investigated the efficacy of Phyllanthus amarus (PA), Phyllanthus muellerianus (PM) and Sida acuta (SA) leaf extracts on microorganisms implicated in UTI. Mid-stream urine samples collected from 100 patients clinically diagnosed with UTI were cultured. The microorganisms isolated were identified using their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Methanol leaf extracts of the three plants were obtained by cold maceration in 60% methanol. Crude extract of PM was thereafter purified by solvent partitioning. Antibiotic susceptibility test was determined using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion. Antimicrobial effects of the extracts and oil was ascertained using agar well diffusion. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) were also determined. Rate of kill and mechanism of action of the purified extract of PM on isolates were investigated. Cytotoxicity of plant extracts were assayed on brine shrimps while synergism of the purified extract with ciprofloxacin was ascertained using overlay inoculum susceptibility disc method. Antioxidant and phytochemical analyses of the extracts were conducted using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids. Antioxidant assay also indicated SA had the highest total flavonoids and phenol content of 339.86 mgQUE/g and 27.63 mgGAE/g. Microorganisms isolated include: Escherichia coli (24%), Proteus mirabilis (24%), Staphylococcus aureus (19%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13%), Candida albicans (11%), Enterobacter sp. (5%) and Citrobacter sp. (4%). The crude extract of PA had zone of inhibition ranging from 16.7 ± 1.53 mm to 24 ± 1.00 mm while SA crude extract had 14.7 ± 1.53 mm to 27 ± 2.00 mm. PM crude extract had inhibition zones of 17 ± 1.00 mm to 22.3 ± 2.12 mm. The MIC and MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction of PM showed the highest percentage yield and had a zone diameter range from 13.5 ± 1.00 mm to 28 ± 1.53 mm with MIC and MBC ranges of 6.25 mg/ml – 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml respectively. Synergism with ciprofloxacin was observed at 25% of the microorganisms, 50% antagonism and 25% additively. Toxicity analysis showed lethal dose concentrations of 19.05 mg/ml, 25.12 mg/ml and 130.11 mg/ml for PM, PA and SA respectively. The findings of this study suggest that the methanol extracts of the medicinal plants used in this study does possess a potent lead molecule in combating microorganisms causing UTI. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Phyllanthus muellerianus, Phytochemicals, Toxicity, UTI,

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Azadirachta indica, against Target Pathogens and Its Utility as a Disinfectant and Floor Cleaner

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (25) ◽  
pp. 1899-1903
Author(s):  
Mohsin Ali Khan ◽  
Shadma Yaqoob ◽  
Sharique Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Inoculum Preparation ◽  
Neem Leaf Extract ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Method

BACKGROUND Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, neem tree or Indian lilac, Limbo, Nim, Nimba, Medusa and Vempu. It is typically grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Neem belongs to family meliaceae. Neem is a native tree of India. It is also called “village pharmacy of south Asia” (India) because of its enormous medicinal properties and people use it most of the time without knowing its multiple advantages. This study was done to know the efficacy of medicinal plant named Azadirachta indica (Neem) against pathogenic microorganisms and about its utility as disinfectant and floor cleaner. METHODS Agar well diffusion method, Culture plate method, inoculum preparation & its subculture methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the neem leaf extract. Different concentrations of neem leaf extracts in culture plates were used for the study. In this method inhibited zones were measured. RESULTS Neem leaf extracts showed considerable antimicrobial activity against four target pathogens. In agar well diffusion method it showed maximum antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Growth of inhibition was increased as the concentration of the neem extract in agar media increased and was maximum for Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSIONS The extract of A. indica, has antimicrobial activity against target pathogens Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, and E.coli. With the old medicinal knowledge on neem, better economic and therapeutic utilization can be done by using modern approaches of drug development. KEY WORDS Neem Leaf extract, Antimicrobial Activity, Agar Well Diffusion Test, Zone of Inhibition

scholarly journals Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Medicinal Plants’ (Impatiens balsamina and Lantana camara) Fresh Leaves and Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry F. Aritonang ◽  
Harry Koleangan ◽  
Audy D. Wuntu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Ag Nanoparticles ◽  
Lantana Camara ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Impatiens Balsamina ◽  
Significant Difference

Plant-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials has been increasingly gaining popularity due to its eco-friendly nature and cost-effectiveness. In the present study, we synthesized silver (Ag) nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of fresh leaves of Impatiens balsamina and Lantana camara medicinal plants as bioreducing agents. This method allowed the synthesis of nanoparticles, which was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-Vis spectra and visual observation showed that the color of the fresh leaf extracts of L. camara and I. balsamina turned into grayish brown and brownish yellow, respectively, after treatment with Ag precursors. In addition, TEM analysis confirmed that AgNO3 solutions for all concentrations produced Ag nanoparticles and their average size was less than 24 nm. Moreover, aqueous leaf extracts of I. balsamina and L. camara were separately tested for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. The results showed that the bacterial growth was inhibited by the extracts containing Ag nanoparticles. Statistical calculation performed using the Tukey test showed that zones of inhibition for the two bacteria produced by the aqueous leaf extracts of L. camara containing 3 mM and 5 mM Ag precursors were not significantly different from that by ciprofloxacin as positive control. On the contrary, there was significant difference between the zone of inhibition for E. coli by ciprofloxacin and that by the extracts of I. balsamina leaves containing 3 mM and 5 mM Ag precursors. A similar result was observed on the zone of inhibition for S. aureus by the extracts of I. balsamina leaves containing 3 mM Ag precursor. It was shown that the aqueous extracts of fresh L. camara leaves containing Ag nanoparticles were comparable to ciprofloxacin in inhibiting bacterial growth.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants from a Sub-Saharan African Country Against Bacterial Pathogens from Post-Operative Wound Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Enid Owusu ◽  
Martin Mensah Ahorlu ◽  
Emmanuel Afutu ◽  
Amos Akumwena ◽  
George Awuku Asare
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis

Background: Globally, the application of medicinal plants in the management of acute and chronic wounds can be considered a common occurrence in most traditional medicine practices. In view of this, many plants in the tropical and subtropical regions have been screened for their wound-healing activities. Consequently, plants having antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MD-R) pathogens can be considered great assets. Therefore, this study evaluated ethanolic and aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants (Psidium guajava, Myrianthus arboreus, Alchornea cordifolia, Momordica charantia, and Justicia flava) for their antimicrobial activities against MD-R bacterial pathogens isolated from post-operative wounds; Methods: This involved the aqueous and ethanolic extraction of the selected medicinal plants. Preliminary phytochemical constituents of the plants were examined. The agar well diffusion method was then used to determine the antibacterial activity of the leaves against reference strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain) as well as the MDR clinical isolates (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and CoNS) from the wounds; Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves showed the presence of saponins, phenolics, and reducing sugars in almost all the plants tested. All plant extracts were observed to have some antimicrobial activity against at least one reference strain. For the clinical MDR isolates, A. cordifolia from this study showed highest inhibition to growth of all bacteria used. Activity of J. flava against S. aureus was highest as compared to that of E.coli and P. aeruginosa. Similar observation was made for M. arboreus, P. guajava and M. charantia where the highest activity was observed against S. aureus; Conclusion: This study has mainly shown that P. guajava, M. arboreus, A. cordifolia, M. charantia, and J. flava exhibits antimicrobial activities against MD-R bacterial pathogens isolated from post-operative wounds. Also, these plants has bioactive phytochemical compounds with potential medicinal values for the treatment of numerous infections. Therefore, these plants may be helpful in the management of acute and chronic wounds, especially in traditional medicine practices.

scholarly journals IN VITRO SCREENING FOR ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF SOME BEGONIA SPECIES AGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) STRAIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Halyna Tkachenko ◽  
Natalia Kurhaluk ◽  
Lyudmyla Buyun ◽  
Vladimir Tomin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

The antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves of Begonia solimutata L.B. Sm. & Wassh., Begonia goegoensis N.E.Br., Begonia foliosa Kunth, Begonia × erythrophylla Hérincq, Begonia thiemei C.DC., Begonia peltata Otto & Dietr., Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schltdl., Begonia dregei Otto & Dietr., and Begonia mexicana G. Karst. ex Fotsch were assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain. The leaves were brought into the laboratory for antimicrobial studies. Freshly crushed leaves were washed, weighed, and homogenized in 96% ethanol (in proportion 1:19) at room temperature. The extracts were then filtered and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. The testing of the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was carried out in vitro by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility test protocol. The most effective plants among species screened against S. aureus NCTC 12493 growth were B. peltata, B. thiemei, B. foliosa, Begonia × erythrophylla, and B. solimutata being highly active with the ethanolic extracts (diameters of inhibition zone ranged from 12.5 to 21 mm). The ethanolic extracts from nine Begonia plant species were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. Extracts from all test Begonia plants caused a remarkable reduction in bacterial growth, measured as an inhibition zone diameters. The diameter of the inhibition zone for B. solimutata was (16.4±1.1) mm, for B. goegoensis – (14.2±1.0) mm, for B. foliosa – (14.9±1.2) mm, for Begonia × erythrophylla – (16.9±0.9) mm, for B. thiemei – (16.8±1.3) mm, for B. peltata – (18.1±0.9) mm, for B. heracleifolia – (15.3±0.9) mm, for B. dregei – (14.7±1.1) mm, and for B. mexicana – (13.8±0.9) mm/ The highly active antimicrobial effects of extracts obtained from B. peltata and B. thiemei noted against S. aureus NCTC 12493 growth is worthy of highlighting. Our studies indicated that Begonia plants are worthy of further investigation as a potential phytotherapeutic agent for treating infections caused by S. aureus., as well as for the development of innovative feed and preventative products in animal husbandry.

scholarly journals In-vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) and Garcinia kola (Bitter kola)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 249-253
Author(s):  
Nicholas Chinedu Ewelike ◽  
Joy Chinyere Okammadu ◽  
Vincent Ezechukwu Ogwudire ◽  
Raymond Ikechukwu Nnadozie
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
African Star Apple

Methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) and Garcinia kola (bitter kola) were studied for in-vitro microbial activity using the disc diffusion technique. The aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans but showed no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia. The methanolic leaf extract of Garcinia kola inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia while the aqueous extract of the leaf inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Both methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of the plant showed no antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum ranged from 12.5 mgL-1 to 25 mgL-1 while those of Garcinia kola ranged from 25 mgL-1 to 50 mgL-1. The results obtained suggest that the leaves of these plants can be used in treating diseases caused by the test organisms. The further investigation on the crude extracts would characterize bioactive components of the leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum and Garcinia kola.

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