scholarly journals Pomen negradbenih ukrepov za poplavno varnost

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaž Komac ◽  
Matija Zorn
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Basin Management ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Structural Measures

Članek prinaša pregled glavnih tipov, temeljnih lastnosti in učinkov negradbenih protipoplavnih ukrepov. Ugotavljajmo, da uporaba negradbenih ukrepov izhaja iz geografskih raziskav in da so v zadnjih desetletjih vse pomembnejši tudi v drugih strokah, ki se ukvarjajo s poplavami. Izkazalo se je namreč, da samo gradbeni protipoplavni ukrepi ne zadoščajo več za tako kompleksno sodobno družbo, ki jo sicer zaznamujejo tehnizacija, individualizacija in informacijske tehnologije, po drugi strani pa pogrešamo poznavanje nevarnih naravnih procesov, kot so poplave. Negradbeni ukrepi obsegajo širok spekter dejavnosti, ki segajo vse od ukrepov upravljanja porečij in coniranja oziroma vzpostavitve evidenc poplavne ogroženosti, do monitoringa poplav in opozarjanja pred njimi ter ozaveščanja in nenazadnje tudi gospodarskih dejavnosti, kot je zavarovalništvo. Izziv ostaja, kako voditi in povezati negradbene ukrepe, da bi dolgoročno prispevali k poplavni varnosti – kot najbolj učinkovita se je izkazala kombinacija različnih vrst ukrepov, kjer nekateri vplivajo dolgoročno, drugi pa prispevajo kratkoročno.   The article provides an overview of the main types, basic properties and effects of non-structural flood protection measures. The authors note that the use of non-structural measures stems from geographical research and that they have become increasingly important in other flood-dealing disciplines in recent decades. It turned out that structural flood protection measures alone are no longer enough for a complex modern society, which is characterized by technicalization, individualization and information technology, but on the other hand we lack knowledge of natural hazards, such as floods. Non-structural measures cover a wide range of activities, ranging from river basin management and zoning measures or the establishment of flood risk records to flood monitoring and warning, as well as awareness-raising and, last but not least, economic activities such as insurance. The challenge remains how to manage and integrate non-structural measures to contribute to flood safety in the long term – a combination of different types of measures has proven to be most effective, with some having long-term effects and others contribute to short-term effects.

Research on the Economic Organization Environmental Impact

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-601
Author(s):  
Dan Paul Stefanescu ◽  
Oana Roxana Chivu ◽  
Claudiu Babis ◽  
Augustin Semenescu ◽  
Alina Gligor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Material Environment ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Harmful Effects

Any economic activity carried out by an organization, can generate a wide range of environmental implications. Particularly important, must be considered the activities that have a significant negative effect on the environment, meaning those which pollute. Being known the harmful effects of pollution on the human health, the paper presents two models of utmost importance, one of the material environment-economy interactions balance and the other of the material flows between environmental factors and socio-economic activities. The study of these models enable specific conditions that must be satisfied for the economic processes friendly coexist to the environment for long term, meaning to have a minimal impact in that the residues resulting from the economic activity of the organization to be as less harmful to the environment.

Long-term Effects of Triazol Growth Regulators on Stem Elongation of Rhododendron and Kalmia

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 436E-436
Author(s):  
Martin P.N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Response Coefficient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Second Year

The persistence of effects of paclobutrazol or uniconazol on stem elongation was determined for several years after large-leaf Rhododendron and Kalmia latifolia were treated with a single-spray application of these triazol growth-regulator chemicals. Potted plants were treated in the second year from propagation, and transplanted into the field in the following spring. The elongation of stems was measured in the year of application and in the following 2 to 4 years. Treatments with a wide range of doses were applied in 1991, 1992, or 1995. For all except the most-dilute applications, stem elongation was retarded in the year following application. At the highest doses, stem growth was inhibited 2 years following application. The results could be explained by a model of growth regulator action that assumed stem elongation was inversely related to amount of growth regulator applied. The dose response coefficient for paclobutrazol was less than that for uniconazol. The dose that inhibited stem elongation one-half as much as a saturating dose was about 0.5 and 0.05 mg/plant, for paclobutrazol and uniconazol, respectively. The dose response coefficient decreased exponentially with time after application, with an exponential time constant of about 2/year. The model predicted a dose of growth regulator that inhibited 0.9 of stem elongation immediately after application would continue to inhibit 0.5 of stem elongation in the following year.

scholarly journals Hess Opinions: An interdisciplinary research agenda to explore the unintended consequences of structural flood protection

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5629-5637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Di Baldassarre ◽  
Heidi Kreibich ◽  
Sergiy Vorogushyn ◽  
Jeroen Aerts ◽  
Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Structural Measures

Abstract. One common approach to cope with floods is the implementation of structural flood protection measures, such as levees or flood-control reservoirs, which substantially reduce the probability of flooding at the time of implementation. Numerous scholars have problematized this approach. They have shown that increasing the levels of flood protection can attract more settlements and high-value assets in the areas protected by the new measures. Other studies have explored how structural measures can generate a sense of complacency, which can act to reduce preparedness. These paradoxical risk changes have been described as levee effect, safe development paradox or safety dilemma. In this commentary, we briefly review this phenomenon by critically analysing the intended benefits and unintended effects of structural flood protection, and then we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda to uncover these paradoxical dynamics of risk.

Long-term effects of manure application on grain yield under different cropping systems and ecological conditions in China

2008 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. ZHANG ◽  
M. XU ◽  
F. ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Continuous Maize ◽  
Yield Trends

SUMMARYRice (Oryza sativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and maize (Zea maysL.) are the main crops grown in China. Applying organic manures is an important practice in sustaining soil fertility and agricultural productivity in these cropping systems. The current paper presents the effects of manure application on grain yields in nine long-term experiments that consist of one continuous maize, four wheat–maize and four rice-based cropping systems across a wide range of agro-ecological regions in China. The study shows that regular manure application can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and grain yield across all the sites. Overall, regular use of manure results in larger increases in SOC in the maize and wheat–maize systems than in the rice-based systems. Application of manure tends to increase the grain yield in the maize and wheat–maize systems during the final years, but increases the grain yield in the rice-based systems during the initial years of the long-term experiments. There is only one site that shows significant improvement in the yield trend in association with the application of manure. The effects of manure on yield trends are probably determined by the initial yield and/or the ‘organic C effect’ that may cause gradual improvements in SOC and soil physical properties.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Employment Vouchers: A Simple Approach

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Orszag ◽  
Dennis J. Snower
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Hiring And Firing

Abstract This paper explores the optimal design of subsidies for hiring unemployed workers (`employment vouchers' for short) in the context of a simple dynamic model of the labour market. Focusing on the short-term and long-term effects of the vouchers on employment and unemployment, the analysis shows how the optimal policy depends on the rates of hiring and firing, and on the problems of displacement and deadweight. It also examines the roles of the government budget constraint and of the level of unemployment benefits in optimal policy design. We calibrate the model and evaluate the effectiveness of employment vouchers in reducing unemployment for a wide range of feasible parameters.

Long-Term Effects in Models with Temporal Dependence

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laron K. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Temporal Dependence ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Repeated Events

A dominant trend in models with binary outcomes is to control for unmodeled duration dependence by including temporal dependence variables. A second, distinct trend is to interpret both the short- and long-term effects of explanatory variables in autoregressive models. While the first trend is nearly ubiquitous in models with binary outcomes, the second trend has yet to be applied consistently beyond models with continuous outcomes. While scholars use temporal splines and cubic polynomials to model the underlying hazard rate, they have neglected the fact that this causes the explanatory variables to have a long-term effect (LTE) by modifying the future values of the temporal dependence variables. In this article, I propose a simple technique that estimates a wide range of probabilistic LTEs in models with temporal dependence variables. These effects can range from simple LTEs for a one-time change in an explanatory variable to more complex scenarios where effects change in magnitude with time and compound across repeated events. I then replicate Clare's (2010, Ideological fractionalization and the international conflict behavior of parliamentary democracies.International Studies Quarterly54:965–87) examination of the influence of government fractionalization on conflict behavior to show that failing to interpret the results within the context of temporal dependence underestimates the total impact of fractionalization by neglecting LTEs.

scholarly journals The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Parker ◽  
Chi Dang Hornik ◽  
Staci Bilbo ◽  
Zoie E. Holzknecht ◽  
Lauren Gentry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The wide range of factors associated with the induction of autism is invariably linked with either inflammation or oxidative stress, and sometimes both. The use of acetaminophen in babies and young children may be much more strongly associated with autism than its use during pregnancy, perhaps because of well-known deficiencies in the metabolic breakdown of pharmaceuticals during early development. Thus, one explanation for the increased prevalence of autism is that increased exposure to acetaminophen, exacerbated by inflammation and oxidative stress, is neurotoxic in babies and small children. This view mandates extreme urgency in probing the long-term effects of acetaminophen use in babies and the possibility that many cases of infantile autism may actually be induced by acetaminophen exposure shortly after birth.

scholarly journals Ecotoxicity of Wastewater from Medical Facilities: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
A. Cidlinová ◽  
Z. Wittlingerová ◽  
M. Zimová ◽  
T. Chrobáková ◽  
A. Petruželková
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Health It ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Medical Facilities

Abstract Wastewater from medical facilities contains a wide range of chemicals (in particular pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, heavy metals, contrast media, and radionuclides) and pathogens, therefore it constitutes a risk to the environment and human health. Many micropollutants are not efficiently eliminated during wastewater treatment and contaminate both surface water and groundwater. As we lack information about the long-term effects of low concentrations of micropollutants in the aquatic environment, it is not possible to rule out their adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human health. It is, therefore, necessary to focus on the evaluation of chronic toxicity in particular when assessing the environmental and health risks and to develop standards for the regulation of hazardous substances in wastewater from medical facilities on the basis of collected data. Wastewater from medical facilities is a complex mixture of many compounds that may have synergetic, antagonistic or additive effects on organisms. To evaluate the influence of a wide range of pollutants contained in the effluents from medical facilities on aquatic ecosystems, it is necessary to determine their ecotoxicity.

scholarly journals Design of an open source framework for oil spill decision support system

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Mokhtari ◽  
Jiri Kadlec
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Support System ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Software Application

Oil spill in marine ecosystems have serious short term and long term effects on aquatics lifecycle and on social and economic activities. A Decision Support System (DSS) can assist environmental managers to visualize the distribution of oil pollution, identify sensitive areas that are likely to be exposed to oil pollutions, and assess vulnerable resources. This paper describes the design of an open source software framework and a prototype desktop software application of a DSS for oil spill management. This system can be connected to an open source oil spill simulation model. We also present a user interface for selecting the properties, time and location of a potential oil spill and for visualizing the oil spill affected area and its impact on coastal zone.

Children and Political Violence: An Overview

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Stress And Coping ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Coping

The papers presented in this special section provide an introduction to the area of research on the effects of political violence on children. The articles cover a wide range of topics from the well-researched question of stress and coping to the less often investigated questions of the development of aggression, the long-term effects of political violence, and the evaluation of attempts at reconciliation. In addition, they represent those geographical areas which at present dominate work in this area the Middle East, Northern Ireland, and South Africa. They also illustrate emerging debates concerning resilience versus vulnerability and the effectiveness of outsiders versus insiders as investigators. The research reported here also points to the need for more cross-cultural work. Finally, it is argued that there is a need to understand the collective nature of political violence. This has implications not only for future research methods but, more importantly, for the development of a theoretical basis that is needed for work in this area.

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