ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM WALL TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN ISRAEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Pushkar ◽  
Oleg Verbitsky
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Concrete Block ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Operational Energy

Four wall technologies used for residential building in Israel (concrete, lightweight concrete block, autoclaved aerated block, and concrete block) were evaluated for their total environmental damage. The production and construction (P&C) and operational energy (OE) stages were considered. Influences of the climate (the four climate zones of Israel), building type (regular and low-energy), and primary fuel source [natural gas and photovoltaic (PV) for energy production] on the selection of the best wall technology were analyzed. EnergyPlus software was used to evaluate building heating and cooling needs for the OE stage. The ReCiPe method was used for both the P&C and OE stages to evaluate environmental damage via human health, ecosystem quality and resource depletion damage categories. It was determined that both concrete block walls and concrete walls were the best choices when natural gas was used, while the concrete block and autoclaved aerated block walls were the best choices when PV was used. The following two conclusions were reached: wall technologies with high thermal mass are environmentally preferred when natural gas is used, whereas wall technologies with reduced cement quantity are environmentally preferred when PV is used.

scholarly journals GREEN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TOOLS AND EFFICIENCY METRICS

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kallaos ◽  
Rolf André Bohne
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Operational Energy ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Damage Impact

Residential buildings have the function of providing shelter, comfort, and a host of other amenities to their occupants, yet they are responsible for a large share of global negative environmental impacts. Understanding the need to reduce the negative impacts of buildings has led to an increase in both the quantity and popularity of green building rating schemes in recent years. Within most green building schemes, the common goal generally consists of an attempt at increasing aspects of the efficiency of resource use or environmental damage. Impact quantification is often reduced to modeled operational energy consumption, while the actual function is less simple to define or assess quantitatively. In many green building schemes, consideration of function is basically omitted from the assessment, except for the inclusion of a simple proxy metric. The dominant “function” metric that has emerged is floor area, carried over from commercial building assessments. Not only is floor area not a useful proxy for function provided by residential buildings, but placing it in the denominator of an eco-intensity metric results in a perverse ratio of two impacts. All else equal, increasing floor area gives the impression of increased efficiency, while masking the increased embodied and use-phase energy, GHG emissions, and materials use. This paper provides a review and initial inquiry into environmental assessment of residential buildings, addressing the utility of common metrics.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Retrofitting, a Simulation for Potential Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Palestine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Patrick Dutournie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Cooling Loads

Since buildings are one of the major contributors to global warming, efforts should be intensified to make them more energy-efficient, particularly existing buildings. This research intends to analyze the energy savings from a suggested retrofitting program using energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings. For the assessment of the energy retrofitting program using computer simulation, the most commonly utilized residential building types were selected. The energy consumption of those selected residential buildings was assessed, and a baseline for evaluating energy retrofitting was established. Three levels of retrofitting programs were implemented. These levels were ordered by cost, with the first level being the least costly and the third level is the most expensive. The simulation models were created for two different types of buildings in three different climatic zones in Palestine. The findings suggest that water heating, space heating, space cooling, and electric lighting are the highest energy consumers in ordinary houses. Level one measures resulted in a 19–24 percent decrease in energy consumption due to reduced heating and cooling loads. The use of a combination of levels one and two resulted in a decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by 50–57%. The use of the three levels resulted in a decrease of 71–80% in total energy usage for heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and air conditioning.

scholarly journals LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING SERVICES OF LARGE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCKS USING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

2020 ◽  
Vol VI-4/W1-2020 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
H. Harter ◽  
B. Willenborg ◽  
W. Lang ◽  
T. H. Kolbe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Operational Energy ◽  
City Models

Abstract. Reducing the demand for non-renewable resources and the resulting environmental impact is an objective of sustainable development, to which buildings contribute significantly. In order to realize the goal of reaching a climate-neutral building stock, it must first be analyzed and evaluated in order to develop optimization strategies. The life cycle based consideration and assessment of buildings plays a key role in this process. Approaches and tools already exist for this purpose, but they mainly take the operational energy demand of buildings and not a life cycle based approach into account, especially when assessing technical building services (TBS). Therefore, this paper presents and applies a methodical approach for the life cycle based assessment of the TBS of large residential building stocks, based on semantic 3D city models (CityGML). The methodical approach developed for this purpose describes the procedure for calculating the operational energy demand (already validated) and the heating load of the building, the dimensioning of the TBS components and the calculation of the life cycle assessment. The application of the methodology is illustrated in a case study with over 115,000 residential buildings from Munich, Germany. The study shows that the methodology calculates reliable results and that a significant reduction of the life cycle based energy demand can be achieved by refurbishment measures/scenarios. Nevertheless, the goal of achieving a climate-neutral building stock is a challenge from a life cycle perspective.

scholarly journals Thermochromic Paints on External Surfaces: Impact Assessment for a Residential Building through Thermal and Energy Simulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco Granadeiro ◽  
Margarida Almeida ◽  
Tiago Souto ◽  
Vítor Leal ◽  
João Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Step Transition ◽  
Linear Manner

This work addresses the effect of using thermochromic paints in residential buildings. Two different thermochromic paint types were considered: One that changes properties through a step transition at a certain temperature, and another that changes properties in a gradual/linear manner throughout a temperature range. The studied building was a two-floor villa, virtually simulated through a digital model with and without thermal insulation, and considering thermochromic paints applied both on external walls and on the roof. The performance assessment was done through the energy use for heating and cooling (in conditioned mode), as well as in terms of the indoor temperature (in free-floating mode). Three different cities/climates were considered: Porto, Madrid, and Abu Dhabi. Results showed that energy savings up to 50.6% could be reached if the building is operated in conditioned mode. Conversely, when operated in free-floating mode, optimally selected thermochromic paints enable reductions up to 11.0 °C, during summertime, and an increase up to 2.7 °C, during wintertime. These results point out the great benefits of using optimally selected thermochromic paints for obtaining thermal comfort, and also the need to further develop stable and cost-effective thermochromic pigments for outdoor applications, as well as to test physical models in a real environment.

scholarly journals Residential Buildings’ Foundations as a Ground Heat Exchanger and Comparison among Different Types in a Moderate Climate Country

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6287
Author(s):  
Lazaros Aresti ◽  
Paul Christodoulides ◽  
Gregoris P. Panayiotou ◽  
Georgios Florides
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Ground Heat Exchangers ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Air Source Heat Pump

Shallow Geothermal Energy Systems (SGESs) constitute Renewable Energy Systems (RES), which find application in the residential sector through the use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs). GSHPs are associated with Ground Heat Exchangers (GHEs), whereby heat is gained/lost through a network of tubes into the ground. GSHPs have failed to flourish in the RES market due to their high initial costs and long payback periods. In this study, the use of Energy Geo-Structure (EGS) systems, namely, the foundation (or energy) piles and the foundation bed of a residential building in Cyprus, was computationally modeled in the COMSOL Multiphysics software. First, the single-houses’ trend in number of units and area in Cyprus was examined and a theoretically typical house with nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) characteristics was considered. The heating and cooling loads were estimated in the TRNSYS software environment and used as inputs to investigate the performance of the GSHP/GHE systems. Both systems were shown to exhibit steady performance and high Coefficient of Performance (COP) values, making them an alternative RES solution for residential building integration. Next, the systems were economically evaluated through a comparison with a convectional Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) system. The economic analysis showed that the cost of the suggested conversions of the foundation elements into GHEs had short payback periods. Consequently, either using the foundation piles or bed as a GHE is a profitable investment and an alternative to conventional RES.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN LIGHTING STANDARDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE ARCHITECTURE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MODERN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
E.V. Vitvitskaya ◽  
◽  
D.V. Tarasevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Shielding Properties ◽  
Heat Shielding

Abstract. State regulations on the design of lighting in residential buildings in recent years have undergone significant changes, which in turn will significantly affect the architecture and energy efficiency of modern buildings of this type. This can be observed from the authors' analysis of the change in only one regulatory document given in this article – SCS (State Construction Standards) V.2.5-28: «Natural and artificial lighting» and only one lighting indicator: permissible deviation of the calculated value of CNL (coefficient of natural lighting) from the standardized value when choosing translucent structures of buildings. This article presents an analysis of this normative document in two versions – in the old one from 2012 and new from 2018. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors of this article found that, at the request of the architect, the area of translucent structures on the facades of two identical modern residential buildings can differ significantly: from the minimum with piece (separate) windows on the facades – where glazing occupies from 14.3% to 18.3% of the area of the facades; up to maximum with continuous glazing of facades – where glazing occupies up to 100% of the area of the facades of a residential building. These two facade glazing options are not only architecturally perceived differently, but they must also have different energy efficiency in order to provide different minimum allowable values of heat transfer resistance: for piece (individual) windows on the facade, this is R∑ ≥ Rq min = 0.6 m2•K/W and ordinary silicate glasses are suitable for their glazing, and for continuous glazing of the facade this should already be R∑ ≥ Rq min = 2.8 m2•K/W, that is, they must have the same heat-shielding properties as the outer walls, and their minimum allowable value of the heat transfer resistance must be 4.66 times more than for piece (separate) windows. For this option, ordinary silicate glass is no longer suitable, but modern glass-transparent structures with high heat-shielding properties should be used, for example Qbiss_Air, Pilkington, Heat Mirror Glass and others. They provide excellent protection against hypothermia in winter and overheating in summer, and have good sun protection properties. Their use in modern buildings contributes to energy savings for heating and cooling rooms throughout the year and creates increased comfort, but such translucent structures are much more expensive and better suited for elite housing construction than for social.

scholarly journals Effect of thermal mass of insulated and non-insulated walls on building thermal performance and potential energy saving

2021 ◽  
Vol 2042 (1) ◽  
pp. 012159
Author(s):  
M Haj Hussein ◽  
S Monna ◽  
A Juaidi ◽  
A Barlet ◽  
M Baba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Heating And Cooling

Abstract The presented study aims to evaluate the effect of thermal mass in heavyweight construction in residential buildings in Palestine on indoor thermal environment using a building performance simulation tool. The most used residential building types, shapes and sizes were used as typical models for indoor environment performance simulation. The paper used a sensitivity analysis for four different scenarios according to the location of thermal insulation in the wall for two climatic zones, when no heating and cooling was used. The building material’s thermal properties, infiltration, activities, time schedule, electric lighting and glazing selection were based on onsite studies. The results show that the internal thermal mass of the studied buildings influences their thermal performance and future potential energy demand for heating and cooling. Buildings with insulation positioned on the outside, with high thermal mass and high thermal time constant showed the best thermal performance for different climatic zones, whereas buildings without thermal insulation or with insulation from the inside showed the worst thermal performance. The position of thermal insulation will affect potential energy demand for heating and cooling in the residential buildings.

Low Exergy Heating and Cooling in Residential Buildings

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jochum ◽  
Gokulakrishnan Murugesan ◽  
Kelly Kissock ◽  
Kevin Hallinan
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Small Temperature ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Solar Wall ◽  
Cooling Loads

Exergy is destroyed when work is degraded by friction and turbulence and when heat is transferred through finite temperature differences. Typical HVAC systems use a combination of high quality energy from combustion and electricity to overcome relatively small temperature differences between the building and the environment. It is possible to achieve the heating/cooling necessary to maintain comfort in a building without these high quality energy sources and their high potential-energy destruction. A low-exergy heating and cooling system seeks to better match the quality of energy to the loads of the building and thus to minimize exergy destruction and increase the exergetic efficiency of the building’s heating and cooling system. The method described here for low exergy building system design begins by minimizing overall heating and cooling loads using a tight, highly-insulated envelope and passive solar design strategies. Next a low-exergy heating and cooling system is designed that uses hydronic radiant heating and cooling in floors, along with high thermal mass. The large surface area of the floors enable low fluid flow rates and relatively small temperature differences to achieve heat transfer rates that would traditionally be driven by high temperature differentials and flows. The building uses a solar wall to passively drive ventilation requirements and earth tubes to condition the ventilation air. High thermal mass in the floor reduces peak loads and eliminates the need for solar thermal storage tanks. Thus, this paper begins to explore the practical limits of low-exergy design.

Thermoeconomic Optimization of a Seawater Source Heat Pump System for Residential Buildings

2011 ◽  
Vol 354-355 ◽  
pp. 794-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Gang Shi ◽  
Zhuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Heat Pump System ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Attractive Option

A seawater source heat pump (SWHP) system offer an attractive option for heating and cooling residential and commercial buildings owing to their higher energy efficiency compared with conventional systems. A thermoeconomic model was developed for analysis and optimization of SWHP with residential building. The thermodynamic and thermoeconomic optimum result for SWHP in the Qingdao, china, weather conditions were obtained using MATLAB optimization toolbox. The thermoeconomic optimization results show exergy loss and EER increasing by 22.7% and 13.9% respectively, but annual production costs reduce by 29.1%.

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