Measuring Servant Leadership

2014 ◽  
pp. 211-242
Author(s):  
Claudio Pousa
Keyword(s):  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Robert Greenleaf ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of Servant Leadership was introduced by Robert Greenleaf in the 1970s, and although in his works there is a very clear picture of servant leadership in philosophical terms, there is not an empirically validated definition of servant leadership. For this reason, numerous scholars worked individually on developing competing frameworks to define servant leadership since the mid-1990s; the result is that, throughout the scientific literature, the construct of servant leadership is defined by an inconsistent set of dimensions and there is still no consensus about an operational definition of the construct. In a similar way, since the end of the 1990s, numerous scholars developed different scales to measure servant leadership, based on different operational definitions. Accordingly, there is not an agreed upon measure of Servant Leadership; a few measures were used in a limited number of studies, and a relatively large number of measures were used in less than two. The chapter presents the most significant and used operational definitions, a detailed description of the development of the different measuring instruments, as well as a reference to some of the studies that used them, and a final section where the advantages and disadvantages of using certain measures are presented.

scholarly journals Defining Online Hating and Online Haters

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Malecki ◽  
Marta Kowal ◽  
Małgorzata Dobrowolska ◽  
Piotr Sorokowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ethnographic Interviews ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of

According to a view widely held in the media and in public discourse more generally, online hating is a social problem on a global scale. However, thus far there has been little scientific literature on the subject, and, to our best knowledge, there is even no established scholarly definition of online hating and online haters in the first place. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a new perspective on online hating by, first, distinguishing online hating from the phenomena it is often confused with, such as trolling, cyberstalking, and online hate speech, and, second, by proposing an operational definition of online hating and online haters based on ethnographic interviews and surveys of the existing scholarly literature.

Stevens and the Operational Definition of Measurement in Psychology, 1935–1950

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Ivan Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Theory Of Measurement ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Psychological Measurement ◽  
Utility Measurement ◽  
American Psychologist ◽  
Operational Theory ◽  
Scales Of Measurement ◽  
Definition Of

Chapter 8 broadens the narrative beyond utility measurement and discusses an important outcome of the 1930s British controversy over psychological measurement, namely the operational definition of measurement put forward by American psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens in 1946. For Stevens, measurement consists of the assignment of numbers to objects according to certain rules. Since there are various rules for assigning numbers to objects, there are various forms, or scales, of measurement. Each scale is identified by the empirical operations used to create it and by the class of mathematical transformations the numbers in each scale can be subjected to. From this operational viewpoint, unit-based measurement is just a particular, and quite restrictive, form of measurement. Stevens’s definition of measurement was broad enough to include the psychologists’ quantification practices as measurement and quickly became canonical in psychology. The final section of the chapter discusses drawbacks to Stevens’s operational theory of measurement.

Application of secret diplomacy in international practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Maryna Okladna ◽  
Margarita Fedorovska ◽  
Darya Yukhymenko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Theoretical Aspect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

Problem setting. Secret diplomacy, in various forms, has remained a key method of international relations and the development of relations between states. For example, the fate of the Caribbean Crisis was decided by secret diplomacy between the United States and the Soviet Union. However, despite the extremely large influence of secret diplomacy on the development of international relations, it is necessary to note a rather small level of study of secret diplomacy as a phenomenon. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In the scientific literature, the theoretical aspects of secret diplomacy have been the subject of scientific research by such scholars as Cornelia Biolu, Anthony Venis-V. John, Pika SM, Kostyuk DA, Pron TM, but a significant number of extremely important documents for understanding the problem remains in closed access. That is why the lack of scientific literature, which would describe secret diplomacy in the theoretical aspect, significantly complicates the study and study of secret diplomacy in general. Target of research. The aim of the paper is to carry out a critical review of the definition of secret diplomacy, to analyze the types of secret diplomacy and to consider features of their functioning in international relations, as well as to identify the disadvantages and advantages of secret diplomacy. Article’s main body. The article provides a general analysis of the definition of the concept of "secret diplomacy" in international practice. The opinions of leading scientists are given. Examples from history are analyzed. The paper analyzes in detail the types of secret diplomacy, and also considers the features of their functioning in international relations. In addition, the main advantages and disadvantages of secret diplomacy were formulated, as well as the prospect of its further application in practice. Conclusions. Secret diplomacy is the activity of the government to implement the foreign, international policy of the state, which is conducted in secret from society, other states and third parties in order to facilitate negotiations, establish relations and obtain various benefits. The methods of secret diplomacy have been used since ancient times and continue to be key not only in relations between states, but also in resolving international conflicts, despite the fact that the phenomenon has a number of disadvantages in addition to its advantages. There are several types of secret diplomacy, each of which differs from the others not only in its purposes for which it is used, but also in its components.

The Study of Self-Understanding in the Younger Teenager Raising Activities Using the Internet

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Vladimirovna Tashimova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Adolescent Period

Problem and goal. The article is devoted to the development of a model for assessing the self-understanding of a younger teenager from the standpoint of a psychological and pedagogical approach. The purpose of the article is theoretical and empirical substantiation of the model for studying self-understanding of younger teenagers in educational activities using the Internet. Methodology. The work is based on the analysis of scientific literature on the problem, the modeling method. The study used empirical methods: observation, questionnaire survey, experimental work, qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the data obtained. Results of research. The research was conducted on the basis of modeling: self-understanding as a psychological and pedagogical category, which includes the phases of genetic, structural and systemic self-understanding; educational activities using the Internet as the integration of pedagogical activities and the activities of a teenager in a joint activity. Formulated assumptions: the nature and structure of consciousness, the analysis of self-understanding as part of that operational definition of self-understanding, based on which the proposed assessment model phases: understanding the genetic, structural-understanding. The results of experimental work on the development of self-understanding of younger teenagers in educational activities using the Internet are presented. In conclusion, it is concluded that the implementation of the model of educational activity using the Internet becomes a means of developing self-understanding of the younger teenager, if the activity is built around the values of communication, self-realization and self-understanding, which allow most effectively solve the problems of the adolescent period.

scholarly journals El protocolo de investigación VII. Validez y confiabilidad de las mediciones

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Villasís-Keever ◽  
Horacio Márquez-González ◽  
Jessie Nallely Zurita-Cruz ◽  
María Guadalupe Miranda-Novales ◽  
Alberto Escamilla-Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Measurement Bias ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Measurement Biases ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of validity in research refers to what is true or what is close to the truth. It is considered that the results of an investigation will be valid when the study is free of errors. The errors or biases appear in the development of research, are due to methodological problems and, in general, can be grouped into three: selection bias, measurement bias and confusion bias. In this article, measurement biases will be addressed; this type of error has three axes: 1) the research subject, 2) the instrument for the measurement of the variable (s), and 3) those who make the evaluation of the measurement (s). To improve the obtaining of data and to prevent errors, some strategies can be followed: in every study protocol, it is necessary to include the operational definition of the variables; the subjects that will carry out the measurements or surveys must be trained. If measuring instruments are used, their proper functioning must be verified; when questionnaires are included, they must be validated in the language in which they will be applied, they have had a process of adaptation to the language of the participants in the study, and self-applicable ones are preferred. It is necessary to quantify the variability of the measurements from the statistical point of view to increase the validity of a study.

Operational Definition of Serious Mental Illness: Heterogeneity in a Review of the Research on Quality-of-Life Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Miguel Richart-Martínez ◽  
Juan Diego Ramos-Pichardo
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Serious Mental Illness ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Quality Of Life Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of

BACKGROUND: An operational definition of serious mental illness (SMI) with well-defined inclusion criteria allows the identification of the most vulnerable individuals and secures resources to meet their needs and develop social programs for their treatment, rehabilitation, and recovery. In addition, the contents of a clinical construct such as SMI have an impact on both the development and the clinical application of the research results. However, currently, different ways of operationalizing the definition of SMI coexist. AIMS: The aim of this review was to explore whether unanimity exists in the operationalization of SMI definitions in quality-of-life interventions research. METHODS: A review of the literature based on searches of the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases was conducted. Intervention studies were selected in which quality of life was the outcome variable and adults with SMI were the subject population. RESULTS: A wide range of definition of SMI is used in the scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of unanimity in the variables considered necessary to identify SMI. The scientific literature uses different approaches to operationalize SMI, and these approaches vary considerably among studies. Caution is required when interpreting quality-of-life research that includes individuals labeled with SMI. It is necessary to reach a consensus on the criteria for applying the SMI label to ensure its content validity.

scholarly journals Special landscape values of the settlements in “Érmelléki löszös hát” geographical micro region

2012 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Gábor Kerékgyártó
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Landscape Values ◽  
Plain Region ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
University Of Budapest ◽  
Landscape Protection

The objective of this study is to present the concept and significance of special landscape values. The research explains special landscape values within landscape protection using Hungarian scientific literature as well as international and national law. In the last decades the measurement and conservation of non-protected landscapes and landscape elements were emphasised by landscape protection. One of the biggest research of the last years was TÉKA project, done by Corvinus University of Budapest Faculty of Landscape Architecture. The program dealt with surveying Hungarian landscape values. In this paper I am going to analyse the types of special landscape values and their frequencies on a plain region using an open database prepared by TÉKA program. In addition to the definition of special landscape values in the Érmellék loess ridge geographical micro region the study intends to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of using the database.

Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bulajić ◽  
Miomir Despotović ◽  
Thomas Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

“The Unconscious” in Current Psychology

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Norman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Unconscious Processing ◽  
Unconscious Processes ◽  
Intermediate States ◽  
Definition Of

A series of vignette examples taken from psychological research on motivation, emotion, decision making, and attitudes illustrates how the influence of unconscious processes is often measured in a range of different behaviors. However, the selected studies share an apparent lack of explicit operational definition of what is meant by consciousness, and there seems to be substantial disagreement about the properties of conscious versus unconscious processing: Consciousness is sometimes equated with attention, sometimes with verbal report ability, and sometimes operationalized in terms of behavioral dissociations between different performance measures. Moreover, the examples all seem to share a dichotomous view of conscious and unconscious processes as being qualitatively different. It is suggested that cognitive research on consciousness can help resolve the apparent disagreement about how to define and measure unconscious processing, as is illustrated by a selection of operational definitions and empirical findings from modern cognitive psychology. These empirical findings also point to the existence of intermediate states of conscious awareness, not easily classifiable as either purely conscious or purely unconscious. Recent hypotheses from cognitive psychology, supplemented with models from social, developmental, and clinical psychology, are then presented all of which are compatible with the view of consciousness as a graded rather than an all-or-none phenomenon. Such a view of consciousness would open up for explorations of intermediate states of awareness in addition to more purely conscious or purely unconscious states and thereby increase our understanding of the seemingly “unconscious” aspects of mental life.

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

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