The Migration History of Black Africans to Britain

2017 ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
Thomas Domboka
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
History Of Migration

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the history of migration of black Africans into Britain and a backdrop for subsequent chapters. An understanding of the migration history of Black Africans is important as it helps us to understand the nature and extent of their entrepreneurial and transnational activity. The conveniently splits into three sections covering three phases or waves of migration covering the period between the 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century. The chapter shows that the reasons and motivation of migration is different with each of the phases of migration. The first phase (1960s – 1970s) consisted of restrained migration from a few African countries namely Nigeria and Ghana and was driven by the desire to acquire education. The second phase (1980s – 1990s) consisted of limited migration from an increased number of countries and still driven by education and some limited refugees. The third phase (Mid 1990s onwards) consisted of unrestrained migration largely driven by economic reasons.

The Migration History of Black Africans to Britain

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Thomas Domboka
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
History Of Migration

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the history of migration of black Africans into Britain and a backdrop for subsequent chapters. An understanding of the migration history of Black Africans is important as it helps us to understand the nature and extent of their entrepreneurial and transnational activity. The conveniently splits into three sections covering three phases or waves of migration covering the period between the 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century. The chapter shows that the reasons and motivation of migration is different with each of the phases of migration. The first phase (1960s – 1970s) consisted of restrained migration from a few African countries namely Nigeria and Ghana and was driven by the desire to acquire education. The second phase (1980s – 1990s) consisted of limited migration from an increased number of countries and still driven by education and some limited refugees. The third phase (Mid 1990s onwards) consisted of unrestrained migration largely driven by economic reasons.

Constitutions and Constitutional Reforms in African Politics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muna Ndulo
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
British Colonies ◽  
Constitution Making

Several African countries are currently engaged in the constitution-making process. In Africa, constitution-making usually takes three phases. The first phase took place at independence in the 1960s and was typically led by the colonial power. Constitution-making during this phase was part of the decolonization process. In the case of former British colonies, the independence constitution was British legislation which constituted the independent state. The second phase was from independence to 1989. During this phase, constitution amendments were made to the independence constitutions designed to concentrate power in the presidency. This was the era of authoritarian governments in Africa which culminated into one-party state systems of governance. The third phase, which runs from 1989 to the present, is associated with the worldwide wave of democratization. During this period, constitution-making has centered on rebuilding the political community as well as structures that had been distorted by political manipulation and violence during the era of authoritarian rule. This third phase is also marked by promoting the participation of citizens in the affairs of their own countries and the accountability of governments. A well-designed constitution can promote these objectives. In addition, inclusiveness and peaceful settlement of conflicts can be seen as a vehicle for national dialogue, good governance, and the consolidation of peace.

The Blumhardts in America

Pneuma ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-273
Author(s):  
Christian T. Collins Winn
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Healing Ministry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
English Speaking World

This essay, the first reception history of proto-Pentecostals Johann Christoph Blumhardt and Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt in Anglo-American literature, charts three phases of reception of the Blumhardts in English-speaking circles. The first phase focused on the healing ministry of the elder Blumhardt, which took place primarily in the nineteenth century. The second phase began in the mid-twentieth century and was devoted especially to introducing the Blumhardts to English-speaking readers. It included attempts by theologians and ethicists to appropriate the Blumhardts for constructive theological purposes. The third phase, currently underway, is marked by scholarly assessment of the Blumhardts in their historical setting and by an effort to translate more of the Blumhardt corpus into English. The conclusion offers unsystematic interpretive observations culled from the reception history itself, with an eye to the future appropriation of the Blumhardts in the English-speaking world.

scholarly journals Механизмы переложения "на наши (русские) нравы" итальянских оперных либретто [Mechanisms of adaptation “to our (Russian) customs” of Italian opera librettos]

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 629-644
Author(s):  
Stefano Garzonio
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Italian Opera ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Opera Seria ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation

Mechanisms of adaptation “to our (Russian) customs” of Italian opera librettos. The paper deals with the history of poetical translation of Italian musical poetry in the 18th century Russia. In particular, it is focused on the question of pereloženie na russkie nravy, the adaptation to national Russian customs, of Italian opera librettos, cantatas, arias, songs and so on. The author points out three different phases of this process. The first phase, in the 1730s, coincides with the reign of Anna Ioannovna and it is linked to Trediakovsky’s translations of Italian intermezzos, comedies and to the first opera seria, La forza dell’amore e dell’odio (‘The force of love and hate’, 1736) by F. Araja and F. Prata; the second phase, in the period 1740–1770s, is characterized by a very varied production of translations and imitations, which undoubtedly influenced the general developing of Russian musical and dramatic poetry. It is during this period that pereloženie na russkie nravy is introduced into dramatic genres and sometimes it is findable in musical poetry as well. The third phase, in the 1780–1790s, is linked with the activity of such poets-translators as Ivan Dmitrevskij, Michail Popov, Vasilij Levšin and is characterized by the new practice of performing operas in Russian translations. In the paper the different forms of pereloženie na russkie nravy are pointed out, starting from the formal niveau of metrics and stylistics up to the adaptation of themes, places and realia.

A genealogy of hacking

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Free Software ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Core Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Frame

Hacking is now a widely discussed and known phenomenon, but remains difficult to define and empirically identify because it has come to refer to many different, sometimes incompatible, material practices. This article proposes genealogy as a framework for understanding hacking by briefly revisiting Foucault’s concept of genealogy and interpreting its perspectival stance through the feminist materialist concept of the situated observer. Using genealogy as a theoretical frame, a history of hacking will be proposed in four phases. The first phase is the ‘prehistory’ of hacking in which four core practices were developed. The second phase is the ‘golden age of cracking’ in which hacking becomes a self-conscious identity and community and is for many identified with breaking into computers, even while non-cracking practices such as free software mature. The third phase sees hacking divide into a number of new practices even while old practices continue, including the rise of serious cybercrime, hacktivism, the division of Open Source and Free Software and hacking as an ethic of business and work. The final phase sees broad consciousness of state-sponsored hacking, the re-rise of hardware hacking in maker labs and hack spaces and the diffusion of hacking into a broad ‘clever’ practice. In conclusion, it will be argued that hacking consists across all the practices surveyed of an interrogation of the rationality of information technocultures enacted by each hacker practice situating itself within a particular technoculture and then using that technoculture to change itself, both in changing potential actions that can be taken and changing the nature of the technoculture itself.

Hobsbawm and Researching the History of Nationalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Breuilly
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Hobsbawm’s work on nationalism has three successive phases, which reflect how the subject has been approached by others. In the first phase, nationalism was subordinated to Marxist class analysis. The second phase, is marked by a spate of studies on nationalism as inventing or imagining nations. Hobsbawm’s key contribution was as co-editor of The Invention of Tradition. In the third phase, nationalism was treated as ‘identity politics’, as one finds in some of Hobsbawm’s later works. These approaches yield diminishing results. Class analysis makes nationalism an epiphenomenon; treating nationalism as an invention detaches it from social reality; identity politics turns it into social psychology. Yet Hobsbawm’s global perspective, his treatment of nationalism as an ideology, and his concern with ‘history from below’ represent three promising new avenues for nationalism research.

A summary of the history of exploration at the Sterkfontein Caves in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
J. Francis Thackeray
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cradle Of Humankind

Sterkfontein Caves, near Pretoria, South Africa, are part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site. The caves have yielded hundreds of hominin fossils recovered over a period spanning more than a century. Exploration of the deposits has occurred in three phases. In the first phase from 1895–1935, fossils of various animals were recovered unsystematically by limestone miners, who noted fossiliferous breccias. The second phase, from 1936–1966, involved teams led by Robert Broom and John Robinson. Broom and Robinson’s excavations recovered many hominin fossils from Members 4 and 5, stone artifacts, and initial mapping of the Sterkfontein deposits. The third phase, 1966 until the present, included excavations led by Philip Tobias, Alun Hughes, Tim Partridge, Ron Clarke, Kathy Kuman, and Dominic Stratford. During this phase, the six members of the Sterkfontein deposits were recognized and characterized, and additional fossils of hominins and other fauna, as well as stone artifacts were recovered. Importantly, extensive analysis of fauna and paleonvironments was conducted. Hominin fossils were also recovered from Member 2. Considerable geochronological work has been done to characterize the complex stratigraphy and dating of these deposits. This chapter reviews the history of fieldwork at Sterkfontein.

SABERES DOCENTES: REFERENCIAL PARA ORGANIZAÇÃO DA FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Sergio Rogério Azevedo Junqueira ◽  
Rodrigo Santos
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Teaching Knowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training ◽  
Current Stage

Este texto é resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre o impacto da formação inicial para o efetivo trabalho da docência. Este estudo é consequência da quarta etapa do Projeto Formação Inicial e Continuada para o Professor do Ensino Religioso no Programa Formação Inicial e Continuada para a Diversidade, desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Pesquisa e Formação Educação e Religião (IPFER). Na primeira etapa foram identificadas propostas de formação inicial e continuada no cenário brasileiro; na segunda fase foi elaborada uma história da formação do professor de Ensino religioso nacionalmente; para a terceira fase foram elaborados estudos e estratégias de formação, a partir das redes sociais. A atual etapa, em parceria com o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião da Universidade Estadual do Pará (UEPA) e o IPFER, buscou compreender a relação entre a formação inicial e o cotidiano da sala de aula, utilizando como referencial os saberes docentes, de Maurice Tardif, em diálogo com um grupo de egressos para identificar esta relação. TEACHING KNOWLEDGE: REFERENCE FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF TEACHER EDUCATIONAbstractThis text is the result of a qualitative research on the impact of the initial formation for the effective teaching work. This study is a consequence of the fourth stage of the Programa Formação Inicial e Continuada para a Diversidade (Instituto de Pesquisa e Formação Educação e Religião, IPFER). In the first stage, a proposal for initial and continued formation in the Brazilian scenario was identified; in the second phase a history of the formation of the teacher of religious education was elaborated nationally; for the third phase studies and training strategies were elaborated from social networks. Current stage in partnership with the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião da Universidade Estadual do Pará (UEPA) and the IPFER to understand the relationship between training and daily classroom as a reference the knowledge teachers of Maurice Tardif in dialogue with a group of graduates to identify this relationship.

PENERAPAN MODEL QUANTUM LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AUTOCAD SISWA KELAS X TEKNIK PEMESINAN SMK NEGERI 1 STABAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hasan Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Quantum Learning

This classroom research was conducted on the autocad instructions to the first grade of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat aiming at : (1) improving the student’ archievementon autocad instructional to the student of mechinary architecture class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, (2) applying Quantum Learning Model to the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, arising the positive response to autocad subject by applying Quantum Learning Model of the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. The result shows that (1) by applying quantum learning model, the students’ achievement improves significantly. The improvement ofthe achievement of the 34 students is very satisfactory; on the first phase, 27 students passed (70.59%), 10 students failed (29.41%). On the second phase 27 students (79.41%) passed and 7 students (20.59%) failed. On the third phase 30 students (88.24%) passed and 4 students (11.76%) failed. The application of quantum learning model in SMK Negeri 1 Stabat proved satisfying. This was visible from the activeness of the students from phase 1 to 3. The activeness average of the students was 74.31% on phase 1,81.35% on phase 2, and 83.63% on phase 3. (3) The application of the quantum learning model on teaching autocad was very positively welcome by the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. On phase 1 the improvement was 81.53% . It improved to 86.15% on phase 3. Therefore, The improvement ofstudent’ response can be categorized good.

Mixed-Methods Evaluation as Scaffold to the Development of a Mobile Health Application to Support the Prescription of Wheelchairs and Postural Support Devices (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Klein ◽  
Roseli de Deus Lopes ◽  
Rodrigo Suigh
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mobile Health ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Mixed Methods Evaluation ◽  
Usability Tests ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Postural Support ◽  
Support Devices

BACKGROUND EasySeating is a mobile health (mHealth) app that supports the prescription of wheelchair and postural support devices (WPSD). It can be used by occupational therapists (OT) and physiotherapists (PT) who prescribe WPSD. The app offers a standardization of the prescription procedure, showing images, metrics and details that guide the prescriber to decide on the best equipment. It was developed with an iterative mixed-methods evaluation approach. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the processes involved in the prescription of WPSD and to propose, develop and evaluate a mHealth to support OT and PT prescribers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the processes involved in the prescription of WPSD and to propose, develop and evaluate a mHealth to support OT and PT prescribers. METHODS This study was divided into three phases and was carried out as an iterative process composed of user consulting/testing (using a mixed-methods evaluation approach), system (re)design and software development. The first phase consisted of the collection of qualitative and quantitative data to map and understand the users requirements and of the development of the first prototype (v1) of the app. This data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews with 14 OT and PT prescribers, 5 specialized technicians and 5 WPSD users. The second phase aimed at improving the overall functionality of the app and consisted in the development, test and evaluation of the prototypes v1, v2, v3 and v4. A total of 59 prescribers tested and evaluated these prototypes by means of open interviews, semi-structured questionnaires and focus groups. The third phase focused in the usability aspects of the app. It consisted in the development and test of the prototype v5. Eight technology specialists assessed its usability through heuristics evaluation. RESULTS Data collected in phase one indicated there is a lack of standardization on the prescription of postural support devices (PSD). A divergent nomenclature for the PSDs was also found and classified in eight categories. These information guided the development of the first prototype of the EasySeating app. Phase two results pointed that the prescribers value the insertion of the app into their clinical practice, as it accelerates and increases the quality of the evaluation process and improves the organization of the prescription information. Significant suggestions for the improvement of the app were given during the users tests, including the use of images to represent the PSDs. The usability tests from the third phase revealed two strong issues that must be solved: the need of greater feedback and failures in the persistence of the input data. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that there is a lack of systematization of the WPSD prescription process. The evaluation of the developed EasySeating app demonstrated that there is a potential to standardize, integrate and organize the WPSD prescription information, supporting and facilitating the decision making process of the prescribers. CLINICALTRIAL This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Universidade de São Paulo (registered protocol n°53929516.6.0000.0065) URL - http://plataformabrasil.saude.gov.br/login.jsf

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