Unveiling Barriers and Challenges of Brothel-Based Sex Workers in Private and Public Sphere of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
pp. 189-211
Author(s):  
Kuntala Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Sexual Pleasure ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Barriers And Challenges ◽  
Sex Object

The value of our society is constructed through different patriarchal organization. Sex workers or prostitutes whatever we call them literally they are stigmatized in our society. Double standard of our society influences us to play double role where a man act like a saint in front of society and at the night they are the regular visitor of a brothel but society respects them and abuse those women who provides sexual pleasure to that men. Most of the sex workers are engaged in this profession because of trafficking, blackmailing or they did not have any other way to earn. They are working in this profession as well as they are serving to the customers to fulfill their sexual demand. However the fact is that stigmatization, challenges and barriers are literally faced by those women who are working as sex workers. The intensity of their life struggle is too much among brothel based sex workers where they are confined to maintain all obligations imposed by Sordarni (Madam) or customers. Though challenges and barriers can be varied from chukri (new girls in brothel) to sordarni (experienced sex workers who control new girls), I tried to put intersectional lenses to understand their challenges. Sex workers in brothels are subjects of different kinds of violence in their public and private sphere and they are objectified as sex object. This chapter is going to show the condition and position of women by examining their barriers in public and private sphere of Bangladesh. This chapter also intends to recommend a few ways to redress these kinds of violence against brothel based sex workers.

scholarly journals Investigating Predictors of Public- and Private-Sphere Sustainable Behaviors in the Context of Agritourism

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Sara Brune ◽  
Whitney Knollenberg ◽  
Kathryn Stevenson ◽  
Carla Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Personal Norms ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Behavioral Antecedents

Encouraging sustainable behaviors regarding food choices among the public is crucial to ensure food systems’ sustainability. We expand the understanding of sustainable behavioral change by assessing engagement in local food systems (LFSs) in the context of agritourism experiences. Using theory of planned behavior (TPB) and personal norms, we conducted pre–post-surveys at agritourism farms to measure the impact of changes in the TPB behavioral antecedents as predictors of the following behavioral intentions regarding LFS engagement: (1) purchasing local food (private-sphere behavior), (2) increasing monthly budget to purchase local food (private-sphere behavior) and (3) advocating for local food (public-sphere behavior). Our findings indicate that strategies to encourage LFS engagement should seek to activate moral considerations that can motivate action across private and public behaviors, which applies to various demographic groups. To stimulate collective action, strategies should target subjective norms specifically (e.g., encouraging social interaction around local food), while strategies encouraging private behaviors should focus on easing perceived barriers to buying local food (e.g., promoting local food outlets). As agritourism experiences effectively modify the three above-mentioned behavioral antecedents, we advocate for holistic experiences that provide opportunities for deeper engagement with local food, stimulate the senses, and facilitate social interaction around LFSs.

scholarly journals Utopia as Topos of Boundaries Erosion between Private & Public Sphere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Malykhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

The article covers ideas of public life in ancient Greek philosophy having given rise to discussion on the necessity of separation and rapprochement of public and private spheres. This study rests upon the analysis of ‘publicness’ and ‘privacy’ in the philosophical conceptions of such authors as J. Habermas who deems ‘publicness’ as communication, and H. Arendt who refers to ‘publicness’ as the polis-based worldview. Plato’s dialogue ‘The State’, which can be deemed as the first-ever example of a utopian text, provides us with the most detailed and consistent instance of criticism of the private sphere, the necessity to merge it into public life to create society. Only in this way could society become a model of an ideal polis leading to the common good. The utopism of Plato’s pattern determines characteristics of the entire utopian genre arising from the idea of the individual merging with the state, and the private sphere merging into the public sphere. Plato’s ideal polis is contrasted with the concepts of the state formed by Modern Age liberal thought, which have largely determined modern views on the division of these spheres, leading to a revision of the utopian projects and a change in the relationship between the private and the public therein. A comparison of various utopian texts results in finding out that the utopian idea of the refusal of the private sphere of life in favour of serving the common good contradicts the modern ideal of freedom, which is the reason for its criticism and for the increasing number of texts with an anti-utopian character.

scholarly journals Qual è la religione degli italiani?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaldo Nesti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Civil Religion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Italian Society ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Face ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Religious Aspect

In the face of a rooted and widespread subjectivity of behaviour, how can we be surprised by the fact that in Italy we have never arrived at a "civil religion"? This is the guiding theme of this book, which provides an analysis of Italian society that goes beyond the religious aspect. We ask ourselves, in fact, whether the absence of a civil religion cannot be traced to the absence of a religiousness experienced without distinction between the private and public sphere. In short, we could argue that Italy does not have a civil religion either entirely secular, as France has had for two centuries, or liberal-patriotic-religious as in the United States, because its religion does not feature a compact interweave between public and private such, for instance, as that of Lutheran Germany.

scholarly journals Public sphere contestation: configuration of political Islam in contemporary Indonesia

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Zuly Qodir
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Public Reason ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Cultural Forces ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multiple Variants

<p>Argument in this paper draws upon Habermasian understanding of the distinction<br />between private and public sphere. Public sphere is understood as open<br />space that various social and cultural forces seek to define and occupy by ways of<br />rational interests and public reason. Such attempts take place on daily basis and<br />taken by groups of different backgrounds and interests. Private sphere, in contrast,<br />is conceived of as having domestic or individual characteristics and, more<br />or less, non-political. It is within this framework that the continuing presence of<br />multiple variants of political Islam in Indonesia has been a manifestation of contestation<br />over public sphere. Diverse variants of Indonesian political Islam reveal<br />the difference between actors and issues in the dynamics of their contention.<br />However, evidence makes clear that variants of both political and popular Islam<br />have been more dominant than other Islamic variants such progressive and neotraditionalist<br />Islam. This study argues that mode of Islamic articulations in Indonesia<br />is now more diverse as the it has developed not only in the articulatory<br />forms of modernist, revivalist and traditionalist but also progressive, neo-traditionalist<br />and popular Islam.</p><p>Tulisan ini didasarkan pada kerangka ruang publik Jurgen Hubermas yang<br />membedakan ruang privat dan ruang politik (publik). Ruang publik merupakan<br />ruang yang terbuka untuk diperebutkan oleh siapa pun dan kapan pun. Sementara<br />ruang privat merupakan ruang yang bersifat domestic (individual) tidak berdimensi<br />politik secara dominan. Dalam persepktif semacam itu, hadirnya varian-varian<br />Islam Indonesia merupakan bentuk kontestasi atas ruang publik yang terbuka<br />untuk siapapun. Dari varian-varian Islam Indonesia, ada perbedaan aktor dan<br />isu yang dikembangkan dalam kontestasi publik. Hanya saja kontestasi varian<br />Islam politik dan popular mendapatkan ruang lebih dominan ketimbang varian<br />Islam lain seperti progresif atau neo-tradisionalisme. Kajian ini menunjukkan<br />bahwa Islam Indonesia tengah mengalami perkembangan format artikulasi yang<br />sangat beragam. Islam Indonesia tidak hanya berkembang dalam format<br />modernis, revivalis, tradisionalisme, tetapi sekaligus progresif, neo-tradisionalis<br />dan popular Islam.</p><p> </p>

Competitions: From Village to City

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijaya Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Multinational Corporation ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The City

This chapter describes three very different kōlam competitions in Tamil Nadu. The first is an unofficial, informal, and playful village contest. The second is part of a festival celebrating Āṇṭāḷ, the female saint. The third is a large, official competition in the city of Madurai, cosponsored by a museum, a newspaper, and the multinational corporation Colgate. These larger competitions have thrust the kōlam into the public sphere, revealing the continual reinvention of the kōlam. The author meditates on the difference between the public and private sphere throughout the chapter, how the kōlam ritual oscillates between the two, and how this influences women’s larger role in society.

scholarly journals Building Britannia: Pre-Flavian Private and Public Construction across Southern Britain

Britannia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Michael Fulford ◽  
Sara Machin
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Building ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Ceramic Building Material ◽  
Ceramic Building ◽  
Public Construction ◽  
Roofing Materials

ABSTRACT Excavation of the Roman tilery at Little London, Pamber, Hampshire, has prompted a reassessment of the dating of relief-patterned tile, assigning the bulk of production to the Claudio-Neronian period rather than the late first to mid-/late second century. This material has been privileged for retention in excavation archives but can now be seen as a proxy for the manufacture of a much wider range of ceramic building material, typically discarded on site, which, in the case of products from Little London and pre-Flavian Minety (Wiltshire), travelled distances of up to 100 km. Redating implies more extensive public and private building in town and country south and east of the Fosse Way before the Flavian period than has previously been envisaged. While private building included the construction of bath-houses, heated rooms and the provision of roofing materials, public building, we suggest, provided tabernas et praetoria along the principal roads of the province. In the private sphere such building provides a possible context for Dio Cassius’ mention of the recall and confiscation of large loans made to Britons before the Boudican rebellion. Finally, consideration of fabric needs to be added to the criteria for retaining ceramic building material in excavation archives.

scholarly journals How Political Events Can Motivate Some Risk Mitigation Activities for Climate Change

2019 ◽  
pp. 364-375
Author(s):  
Maliha Farrooz ◽  
Robin Dillon ◽  
Chris Hydock
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Over Time

Aim: To stem the risks of future climate change, more people need to be motivated to take actions that will mitigate the release of greenhouse gases into the environment. Important to this discussion was that these actions include both public and private sphere behaviors. Duration of Study: April 2016 to March 2017. Methodology: We surveyed individual’s beliefs about climate change and their stated willingness to take different actions to mitigate the risks of climate change. Results: Public sphere behaviors affect the environment only indirectly by influencing either public policies or other private sphere behaviors. Private sphere behaviors have direct environmental consequences but the consequences are small. Individual private sphere behaviors have environmentally significant impacts only in the aggregate when many people independently do similar things. Conclusion: Our study replicated many of the results from the literature, in particular, that individuals are most willing to engage in small private actions to mitigate climate change, and that at least for large private acts and public acts, individuals who describe themselves as Democrats are also more willing to engage in more costly acts. Our survey also showed an important effect from the 2016 election of President of USA. Following the election, Democrats stated an increased willingness to engage in public sphere acts over time. If more individuals engaging in more public acts can influence public policy and can convert other individuals to engage in more private acts over time, then electing leadership who is negative toward climate change can ultimately result in motivating more individual mitigation activity for climate change. Summary: This work shows that electing leaders who are negative toward climate change could provide a strong motivation for some individuals to be more willing to engage in public sphere acts over time to mitigate climate change.

The impact of individual motivation on employee voluntary pro-environmental behaviours: the motivation towards the environment of Polish employees

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Budzanowska-Drzewiecka ◽  
Marta Tutko
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Environmental Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Motivation ◽  
Environment Scale ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Environmental Behaviours

PurposeEnvironmental management researchers stress the need to study the determinants of employee pro-environmental behaviour in different cultural settings. This study focusses on employee voluntary pro-environmental behaviours in Poland. It aims (1) to examine the scope of employee green behaviours in the private and public sphere and (2) to explore the relationship between individual motivation and pro-environmental behaviours.Design/methodology/approachSelf-administered questionnaire was used for collecting data from 325 Polish employees. A structural equation modelling was applied to estimate the effects of individual motivation on pro-environmental behaviours in both private and public sphere. The psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Motivation Toward the Environment Scale based on self-determination theory were checked beforehand.FindingsPolish employees mainly engage in private-sphere pro-environmental behaviours. The engagement of employees in green behaviours is driven by autonomous motivation. Intrinsic motivation is a more important driver in the case of private-sphere pro-environmental behaviours; integrated regulation in the public sphere. The relationship between controlled motivation and employee pro-environmental behaviours in both spheres is unclear.Research limitations/implicationsAs the data were gathered amongst Polish employees, the proposed model may be applied in culture-specific conditions in Poland.Originality/valueThis paper explores the extent to which individual motivation may foster pro-environmental behaviour of employees. Moreover, it offers the validation of the Polish version of the Motivation Toward the Environment Scale.

Freedom’s children in protest movements: Private and public in the socialization of young Russian and Ukrainian activists

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Erpyleva
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Public Sphere

This article deals with the problem of political participation and public sphere learning by adolescents during the mass protests in contemporary Russia and Ukraine. Referring to theories of contentious politics and the public sphere in the post-communist world, the author highlights the debate around the relations between private and public in this context: is the value of public participation formed in the private sphere and then translated into a public one? Or rather, is the public realm something opposite to the private? Using in-depth biographical interviews with the adolescents participating in the Bolotnaya and Maidan movements, the author considers this dilemma through the lens of activists’ socialization. The analysis discovers that there is no direct connection between the values of private independence and public freedom during the growing-up process of adolescent activists. The values of private independence appropriated by Russian adolescents do not automatically translate into practices in the public sphere, and, conversely, Ukrainian activists strongly adhere to an ethic of political freedom, but to do it they prefer to break with the values of the private sphere rather than transfer them into politics. To conclude, the author discusses some implications of the analysis of political participation of adolescents on how notions of private and public are composed in Russia and Ukraine.

scholarly journals The Dichotomy of Public/Private in the New Media Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Alla V. Drozdova
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Internet Portals ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Networked Public Sphere

Today we exist in a situation in which the new media environment has resulted in paradigm shift in our conception of reality, altering public spaces and communities, as well as functional modes and mechanisms of the private sphere, through the creation of new digitally-intermediated methods of communication. In a mediatised culture, the boundaries between public and private have been fundamentally transformed. Multi-screening has created a new mode of visibility for social cultures and subcultures, which, if it does not exactly abolish the boundary between private and public, at least allows us to rethink this dichotomy. Having thus established a new mode of visibility, the advent of new media has led to the sphere of private life being absorbed by the public sphere, in the process not only of facilitating discussion, but also in becoming a means by which control is exerted by the state, the market and advertising. In turn, in coming under the domination of specific private or group interests, the public sphere itself has been transformed. While, in coinciding with the interests of other groups, these interests may achieve temporary commonality, they cannot be truly public in the original universal sense. The use of multiple Internet portals in living reality creates a distinct or alternative level of virtual publicity. No longer requiring the usual physical spaces to regulate his or her inclusion in both virtual and traditional public spheres, a user of contemporary gadgets creates a remote and individually-tailored model of public interaction. This process of virtual individualisation indicates the ambivalent nature of the networked public sphere. While, on the one hand, in engaging in collective interaction and concern for common affairs, politically-active people need the presence of others, on the other, the fact of being rooted in their own experience results in the creation of burgeoning personalised and fragmented hierarchies.

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