Shameless Selfie-Promotion

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Taking selfies and sharing them on social media is a popular activity in the age of the smartphone. Why do people take selfies and post them for others to see? This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the association between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior. Narcissism is a multidimensional personality trait characterized by grandiose views of oneself, a sense of superiority and concomitant feelings of entitlement, and a lack of empathy toward others. Included in the chapter is a discussion of important conceptual and methodological considerations in the study of narcissism, as well as a qualitative review of studies examining the association between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior and what these investigations have revealed. Finally, theoretical models explaining the association between narcissism and selfie- posting behavior are presented.

Reviews and Self-Selection Bias with Operational Implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningyuan Chen ◽  
Anran Li ◽  
Kalyan Talluri
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Performance Review ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Biased Ratings

Reviews for products and services written by previous consumers have become an influential input to the purchase decision of customers. Many service businesses monitor the reviews closely for feedback as well as detecting service flaws, and they have become part of the performance review for service managers with rewards tied to improvement in the aggregate rating. Many empirical papers have documented a bias in the aggregate ratings, arising because of customers’ inherent self-selection in their choices and bounded rationality in evaluating previous reviews. Although there is a vast empirical literature analyzing reviews, theoretical models that try to isolate and explain the bias in ratings are relatively few. Assuming consumers simply substitute the average rating that they see as a proxy for quality, we give a precise characterization of the self-selection bias on ratings of an assortment of products when consumers confound ex ante innate preferences for a product or service with ex post experience and service quality and do not separate the two. We develop a parsimonious choice model for consumer purchase decisions and show that the mechanism leads to an upward bias, which is more pronounced for niche products. Based on our theoretical characterization, we study the effect on pricing and assortment decisions of the firm when potential customers purchase based on the biased ratings. Our results give insights into how quality, prices, and customer feedback are intricately tied together for service firms. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, operations management.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of probation supervision towards reducing reoffending: A Rapid Evidence Assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith ◽  
Kim Heyes ◽  
Chris Fox ◽  
Jordan Harrison ◽  
Zsolt Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
What Works ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Probation Supervision ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Meta Analyses

In response to the lack of universal agreement about ‘What Works’ in probation supervision (Trotter, 2013) we undertook a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the empirical literature. Our analysis of research into the effect of probation supervision reducing reoffending included 13 studies, all of which employed robust research designs, originating in the USA, UK, Canada and Australia, published between 2006 and 2016. We describe the papers included in our review, and the meta-analyses of their findings. Overall, we found that the likelihood of reoffending was shown to be lower for offenders who had been exposed to some type of supervision. This finding should be interpreted cautiously however, given the heterogeneity of the studies. We suggest future research and methodological considerations to develop the evidence base concerning the effectiveness of probation supervision.

scholarly journals Grassroots prescriptivism

English Today ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morana Lukač
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Standard Variety ◽  
Radio Stations ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Telephone Calls ◽  
Do So

People engage in discussions on which linguistic items are ‘correct’ and ‘incorrect’, ‘acceptable’ and ‘unacceptable’ on a daily basis. They do so in private conversations, but also publicly by way of telephone calls to radio stations, letters to newspapers and, since the dawn of the participatory internet, on social media platforms, such as blogs, microblogs (i.e. Twitter), forums and Facebook. Conspicuously, however, in linguists’ theoretical models of language standardisation, speakers have traditionally been marginalised as passive followers of the norms established by language authorities. The types of discussions mentioned are viewed as having no impact on actual usage or on what it is that constitutes the standard variety, while standard language norms are, according to such accounts, enforced by language experts, codifiers and ‘model speakers [such as journalists and newsreaders] and authors’ (Ammon, 2015: 65).

Human capital divergence and the size distribution of cities: Is Gibrat’s law obsolete?

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802095309
Author(s):  
Daniel Broxterman ◽  
Anthony Yezer
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Gibrat’S Law ◽  
Gibrat's Law ◽  
Growth Hypothesis

This article studies how the changing geographic distribution of skilled workers in the US affects theoretical models that use Gibrat’s law to explain the size distribution of cities. In the empirical literature, a divergence hypothesis holds that college share increases faster in cities where college share is larger, and a growth hypothesis maintains that the rate of city population growth is also directly related to initial college share. Examining the divergence hypothesis, the classic test for Gibrat’s law is shown to be a test for [Formula: see text]-convergence. Testing shows that there has been absolute, not relative, divergence in human capital since the 1970s. However, the combination of even absolute divergence and the growth hypothesis is shown to violate the condition that a city’s population growth is independent of its size. Additional testing finds that the relation between college share and city growth is concave rather than monotonic. These results imply that stochastic growth models can survive the challenge posed by divergence in the distribution of human capital.

The Economics of Consumption

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tullio Jappelli ◽  
Luigi Pistaferri
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Precautionary Saving ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Stabilization Policies ◽  
The Rich

Consumption decisions are crucial determinants of business cycles and growth. Knowledge of how consumers respond to the economic environment and how they react to the risks that they encounter during the life cycle is therefore crucial for evaluating stabilization policies and the effectiveness of fiscal packages implemented in response to economic downturns or financial crises. Do anticipated income changes have a different impact on consumption than unanticipated shocks? Do all consumers respond in the same way, or does the response vary by the economic circumstances and consumers’ characteristics? Do the rich increase consumption less than the poor when their income changes? In the past decades, economist have proposed many analytical perspectives, and studied these questions with a variety of data and approaches. This book attempts to guide readers through the most important theoretical papers in the field, and to evaluate theoretical models using facts or available empirical estimates. It is divided into three parts. The first seven chapters provide the basic ingredients of models with intertemporal choice, guiding the reader from a model without uncertainty to intertemporal models with precautionary saving and borrowing constraints. The central part of the book reviews recent empirical literature on the effect of income changes on consumption and on the relevance of precautionary saving. The last four chapters contain a selection of various extensions of the intertemporal model studied in the first part of the book.

International Trade, Wages, and Unemployment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyaranjan Jha
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Heterogeneous Firms ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Implicit Contracts ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Wage Effects ◽  
The Impact

Traditional trade theory has focused on the allocation of resources between various sectors of the economy and how it changes in response to trade liberalization while maintaining the assumption of free mobility of resources across sectors within an economy. This simplifying assumption is at odds with empirical evidence which shows considerable frictions in the movement of resources between sectors, at least in the short to medium run. Workers who lose their jobs in the import competing sector may find it hard to find a job immediately in the export sector. This has given rise to a growing literature that incorporates frictions in the mobility of factors of production in general, and labor in particular, in trade models. This article surveys the literature on trade and unemployment where unemployment is caused by search frictions or wage rigidity of some kind such as minimum wage, efficiency wage, or implicit contracts. While the focus is on unemployment, any model studying the impact of trade on labor markets features wage effects, too, and a brief discussion of wage effects is also provided. Trade affects unemployment in these multi-sector models through two main channels: sectoral unemployment rates and intersectoral reallocation of resources. In newer trade models with heterogeneous firms, trade can change unemployment by affecting the allocation of resources within a sector. While the theoretical models in this literature identify various channels through which trade liberalization affects unemployment, many of these channels have opposing implications for unemployment, rendering the net effect of trade liberalization on unemployment ambiguous in many settings. This has also given rise to an empirical literature studying the implications of trade liberalization on unemployment.

scholarly journals Identifying the central symptoms of problematic social networking sites use through network analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Svicher ◽  
Giulia Fioravanti ◽  
Silvia Casale
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
General Preference ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Stability And Accuracy

AbstractBackgroundProblematic social media use (PSMU) has received growing attention in the last fifteen years. Even though PSMU has been extensively studied, its internal structure is not fully understood. We used network analysis to evaluate which symptoms and associations between symptoms are most central to PSMU – as assessed by the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 adapted for PSMU – among undergraduates.MethodNetwork analysis was applied to a large gender-balanced sample of undergraduates (n = 1344 participants; M = 51.9%; mean age = 22.50 ± 2.20 years).ResultsThe most central nodes in the network were the difficulty of controlling one’s own use of social media, the tendency to think obsessively about going online, the difficulties in resisting the urge to use social media and the preference for communicating with people online rather than face-to-face. This last element was strongly associated with a general preference for online social interactions and the feeling of being more comfortable online. The network was robust to stability and accuracy tests. The mean levels of symptoms and symptom centrality were not associated.ConclusionsDeficient self-regulation and preference for online communication were the most central symptoms of PSMU, suggesting that these symptoms should be prioritized in theoretical models of PSMU and could also serve as important treatment targets for PSMU interventions.

scholarly journals Applying Social Media in Crisis Communication: A Quantitative Review of Social Media-Related Crisis Communication Research from 2009 to 2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Research Trend ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Future Research Directions

Social media has drawn growing attention from crisis communication researchers. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the current paradigm of research on social media and crisis communication, to identify the research gaps, and to help scholars understand future research directions in this area. The current study examined the trends and patterns of social media-related crisis communication research published in 11 communication and public relations journals from 2009 to 2017. More specifically, it focused on the trends and characteristics of research topics, theories and theoretical models, crisis types, social media platforms, sample types, and research methods. This study found that public relations-focused journals published most of the social media-related crisis communication articles. Most studies adopted theories or theoretical models and examined the role of social media in crisis communication, which focused on product tampering and general crisis. Additionally, a considerable number of studies employed content analysis techniques that used social media content as the sample. This study discussed the trends of social media-related crisis communication research and the directions for future research. Keywords: Crisis communication, social media, research trend, public relations, communication.

scholarly journals Mood State and Behavior Predictions in Social Media through Unstructured Data Analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Singh Bawa ◽  
Suresh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Kanchan K. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Dirichlet Distribution ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Unstructured Data ◽  
Latent Features ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

For mood State and Behavior Predictions in Social Media through Unstructured Data Analysis, a new model, Behavior Dirichlet Probability Model (BDPM), which can capture the Behavior and Mood of user on Social media is proposed using Dirichlet distribution. There is a colossal amount of data being generated regularly on social media in the form of text from various channels by individuals in the form of posts, tweets, status, comments, blogs, reviews etc. Most of it belongs to some conversation where real-world individuals discuss, analyze, comment, exchange information. Deriving personality traits from textual data can be useful in observing the underlying attributes of the author’s personality which might explain a lot about their behavior, traits etc. These insights of the individual can be utilized to obtain a clear picture of their personality and accordingly a variety of services, utilities would follow automatically. Using Dirichlet probability distribution, the aim is to estimate the probability of each personality trait (or mood state) for an author and then model the latent features in the text which are not captured by the BDPM. As a result, the study can be helpful in prediction of mood state/personality trait as well as capturing the significance of the latent features apart from the ones present in the taxonomies, which will help in making an improved mood state or personality prediction.

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