Selective Mutism

2018 ◽  
pp. 363-380
Author(s):  
Charu Kriti
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Selective Mutism ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Individual

Selective mutism is a disorder that is characterized by a failure to speak in certain social settings, like the school, while speaking normally in other settings, like home. The settings in which the failure to speak occur are those where speech is expected from the individual. It is a disorder that onsets in childhood, and if left untreated, may go well into adolescence. For a very long time, this disorder has been overlooked and understudied. Though rare, the disorder may pose a potential threat to the social and academic development of a child suffering from it. The DSM-5 has classified selective mutism as an anxiety disorder. The present chapter intends to cover the psychosocial approach to the disorder, the diagnostic criteria, the etiology, the treatment of the disorder, and the management by respective caregivers. An analysis of case studies has also been given in the chapter.

Dental care for children with selective mutism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Mona Agel ◽  
Gino Hipolito
Keyword(s):  
Selective Mutism ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Dental Care For Children ◽  
Routine Examination ◽  
Dental Visits ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dental Appointments

Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder that is characterised by a consistent failure to speak in certain social settings where the individual is expected to speak while in other situations, speech is normal. It often starts in childhood and is thought to affect around 1 in 140 children in the UK. If recognised and treated early, SM can be overcome but left untreated, it can lead to long-term problems. It is thought to be caused by a complex interaction between various vulnerabilities such as genetics, temperament, environment and neurodevelopmental factors. Treatment methods are variable and can include non-medication-based therapies (eg behavioural therapy) or pharmacotherapy. This paper specifically addresses the child with SM. Few professionals are trained in dealing with SM and many have little knowledge of the condition. SM awareness for parents and professionals along with appropriate information and intervention techniques are vital. For children with SM, dental visits can prove challenging. Each child is unique in how they present with their difficulties. A child attending the dentist for a dental problem or a routine examination may not yet be diagnosed with SM, and so knowledge of the condition and what appropriate services are available is important. The dental team should understand the possible modes of therapy that the child is receiving and work with these principles during dental appointments. Simple strategies such as asking the parent how best to communicate with the child, understanding what makes the child feel at ease and whether the child has any other phobias or anxieties can help.

The Individual's Perceived Environment as an Antecedent of Academic Entrepreneurship: Multiple Case Studies of Thai University Researchers

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 57-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutti Sooampon ◽  
Barbara Igel
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Academic Entrepreneurship ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Perceived Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study investigates the individual researcher's perceived environment as a pre-condition of entrepreneurship within the university. Our objective is to identify the micro-level antecedents that shape a university researcher's decision about whether to embark on an entrepreneurial venture. We conducted a series of both entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial case studies through in-depth interviews with six university researchers. The comparative case data generated inclusive descriptions of the social conditions surrounding the researchers and their individual characteristics as criteria for explaining their decisions on whether to become entrepreneurs. Our findings add to the macro-perspectives typically discussed, and advance knowledge of the entrepreneurial university by incorporating the individual's perceived environment as a micro-level condition for academic entrepreneurship. Drawing on the context of Thailand's emerging economy, in which social inequality exists alongside growth, our findings shed light on the university researcher's entrepreneurial role as a leader for social change through the commercialisation of science and technology research.

scholarly journals Process and Relation: Origins of the Autonomist Theory of Individuation

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
N.N. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Continuous Formation ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Philosophy Of Dialogue ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Individual ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
European Thought

Any political theory is built on the foundation of a certain ontology, an integral part of which is the problem of an individual. For a long time, the ontological primacy in the European thought was attached to the concept of an individual that was understood as a complete and selfsufficient unit. However, today one can talk about the growing popularity of the approach that views an individual as a relative reality in a state of continuous formation i.e., the process of individuation. This approach is developed by the Italian intellectuals, whose general ideological view is known as autonomism (P.Virno, M.Lazzarato, A.Negri etc.). The article examines the origins of the theory of individuation and its political implications within the autono mist thought. The first part of the article examines the ways of representing an individual in the ontologies of B.Spinoza and G.Simondon. The author demonstrates that the procedural and relational understanding of an individual proposed by these philosophers contributes to bridging the gap between the collective and the individual not only in politics, but also in thinking. An individual is a consequence of the concretization of the general and retains a connection with it. The second part analyzes the psychological and linguistic aspects of individuation, elaborated in L.Vygotsky’s psychology and M.Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialogue. Individuation is interpreted as a movement from the social to the individual, carried out with the help of various tools, primarily by the means of the language. The author evaluates the reception of these thinkers’ ideas in the context of autonomism. The author concludes that the autonomist concept of individuation is a synthetic theory that brings together the general aspects of the consi dered above schools of thought into a single perspective. In fact, the concept is a large-scale revision of the ontological and anthropological foundations of thinking about politics. Its goal is to destroy the idea of a “sovereign individual”, which was born within the liberal tradition, and, as a consequence, to liberate the sphere of the collective from the control of capital.

scholarly journals Selective mutism and shyness. Differential diagnosis and strategies supporting child development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Podgórska-Jachnik
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Public School ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Selective Mutism ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Speech Therapist

The article deals with the problem of differential diagnosis of extreme reticence or selective speech in a child, categorised as selective mutism and shyness. Selective mutism is an increasingly recognized disorder among preschool and school children. It manifests itself functionally in the sphere of speech and communication, but in relation to the anxiety factor. As an anxiety disorder, it is categorised in the latest medical classifications ICD-11 and DSM-5, and therefore, primarily psychological or psychiatric therapeutic intervention could be expected. The specificity of the pathomechanism of selective mutism, however, requires interdisciplinary activities, with a room for a speech therapist, a special pedagogue (e.g. at a public school as a supporting teacher), any other pedagogue working with the child (educator, teacher of integrated classes, subject teacher), other specialists (therapist pedagogue, physiotherapist), as well as the parents. The speech therapist may play a special role in the diagnosis of mutism in the conditions of inclusive education, as he will probably be the first specialist who will receive a child who is not speaking or very taciturn at a public school. In the article, the diagnosis of selective mutism is associated with the differential diagnosis of shyness, which may not be treated as a disorder, but only a certain personality trait, but with incompetent pedagogical support in everyday educational practice it can lead to more serious difficulties, including logophobia and mutism. The diagnosis of mutism requires specialised therapeutic measures, but with the awareness of the differences in the situations of a shy child and a child with mutism, it is worth learning some supportive strategies that are useful in both cases.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE USE OF GAMING PRACTICES AND PRINCIPLES OF GAMING IN THE TRAINING OF DENTAL PATIENTS IN A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Александр Чернавский ◽  
Aleksandr Chernavskiy ◽  
Ирина Русакова ◽  
Irina Rusakova ◽  
Иван Петров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Dental Patients ◽  
Mental Maturity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
Inner World ◽  
The Individual

Gaming learning is accepted in our society for a long time, practically from its inception and therefore has historical roots. The game is multifaceted, it allows you to successfully learn new skills for both children and adults. The game not only trains, develops, educates, but also socializes. An historical excursion shows that one of her first tasks is training. The substantiation of the use of gaming methods in psychotherapeutic and developmental psycho-correction work is given by many scientists working in the field of psychology. Methods of playing developmental psychocorrection and psychotherapy remain a very important tool that allows not only to study aspects of the child's and adult's inner world, but also, depending on the level of his mental maturity, social skills, cognitive and emotional processes, build interaction in the formation of the principles of a healthy lifestyle in patients of dental profile. Gaming psychotechnics are psychologically conditioned, a natural element of culture, which is a kind of voluntary activity of the individual, enriching the social experience of our patients, allowing one to master the norms and rules for preserving one's dental health through voluntary acceptance of a role, virtual simulation of the playing space and changing the conditions of one's own own being in society. The players perform the following functions: communicative; self-realization of a person; diagnostic; psychotherapeutic; psycho-corrective. Gaming psychotechnics allow you to escape from the paternalistic positions in communication with the patient, to form a request for maintaining your own health in the patient himself. The use of gambling practices and gaming promotes the consolidation and improvement of knowledge, the development of the psychological qualities of the individual, the development of the ability to find the best solutions for large and small patients in the formation of their health.

scholarly journals The Structural and Cultural Role to the Family House Hold of Self-employment Woman in Malang Regency, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Darsono Wisadirana
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Common Activity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cultural Role

Family is also the first pillar to meet the social, economic, psychological and culture aspect to the individual. In prostitution aspect, someone who decides to be self-employment woman can be known from the socialization style in the family. Because of that, it is important to know about family role and function in solving prostitution problem. Therefore, the problem is how the structural and cultural role is occupied by each family member in the daily life of house hold.This research aims to analyze the process of someone to be self-employment woman from the aspect of instilling the moral and norm by each family member, analyze the social relation in the family, one of whose member is a self-employment woman, and analyze the function which is acted by each member to the self-employment woman. This research used Functional Imperatives Talcott Parson theory to analyze the structural and cultural role of self-employment woman’s family. The methodology used in this case was qualitative research design.The result of the research shows the economic factor. Besides the factor of young marriage culture which causes the divorce. After divorce, the women start to work as self-employment woman. Lacking of the education awareness can be one of the causes in increasing the number of self-employment woman.Lacking of communication among the family can cause the parents are not able to keep the children from social deviation. Social deviation which has been occupied for long time can be human habit and common activity in society.

Prerequisites for the formation of a social security philosophy in pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
S. Kononov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the social security philosophy on the territory of the Russian state, where, as the authors show, the ideas about the need to ensure a decent level of existence for the individual and society have already been known since the beginning of the XIX century. The aim of the article is to trace how the understanding of security has changed in Russian science. The article uses the method of phenomenological and comparative analysis, with the help of which the study of domestic security concepts was carried out. The first task posed by the authors is to consider the discussion about safe development among pre-revolutionary authors, the result of which was the formation of an idea about the special role of the Russian state in ensuring the security of society. The second task is to consider the Soviet concept of security, centered round the concept of a state system for providing armed protection against external enemies. As the authors have shown, this concept was characterized by the refusal to take into account the influence of social, economic and spiritual factors of security. The third task was to analyze the post-Soviet concept of security, within which the relationship between society and the state was rethought, which ceased to interfere indefinitely in the social and personal spheres of life and rejected a simplified understanding of the problem of ensuring security, which for a long time was considered only as counteraction to external threats

Testing the validity and acceptability of the diagnostic criteria for Hoarding Disorder: a DSM-5 survey

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2475-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mataix-Cols ◽  
L.. Fernández de la Cruz ◽  
T. Nakao ◽  
A. Pertusa
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Hoarding Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Development And Validation

BackgroundThe DSM-5 Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Sub-Workgroup is recommending the creation of a new diagnostic category named Hoarding Disorder (HD). The validity and acceptability of the proposed diagnostic criteria have yet to be formally tested.MethodObsessive-compulsive disorder/hoarding experts and random members of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) were shown eight brief clinical vignettes (four cases meeting criteria for HD, three with hoarding behaviour secondary to other mental disorders, and one with subclinical hoarding behaviour) and asked to decide the most appropriate diagnosis in each case. Participants were also asked about the perceived acceptability of the criteria and whether they supported the inclusion of HD in the main manual.ResultsAltogether, 211 experts and 48 APA members completed the survey (30% and 10% response rates, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of the HD diagnosis and the individual criteria were high (80–90%) across various types of professionals, irrespective of their experience with hoarding cases. About 90% of participants in both samples thought the criteria would be very/somewhat acceptable for professionals and sufferers. Most experts (70%) supported the inclusion of HD in the main manual, whereas only 50% of the APA members did.ConclusionsThe proposed criteria for HD have high sensitivity and specificity. The criteria are also deemed acceptable for professionals and sufferers alike. Training of professionals and the development and validation of semi-structured diagnostic instruments should improve diagnostic accuracy even further. A field trial is now needed to confirm these encouraging findings with real patients in real clinical settings.

Suicide: the stable rates argument

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cresswell
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Personal Action ◽  
The Individual

The relative stability of many rates of suicide, particularly those of national groups, has for a long time been of interest to sociologists. Durkheim (1952), an early and major writer on suicide, used the fact of relative stability as an argument for the existence of a social dimension to individuals’ actions, even such an apparently personal action as suicide (Cresswell, 1972). Durkheim argued that each nation had a collective tendency towards suicide such that, providing the circumstances of the nation did not change in any essential way, its suicide rate also would not change. His followers, taking this sort of position as given, have related suicide rates to components of social structure or culture of the groups to which the rates refer (e.g. Gibbs & Martin, 1964). Such a procedure implies a relationship, not necessarily a specifically causal one, between suicide and the various aspects of society with which it is correlated. For the procedure to be potentially valid two major conditions must hold good. The first is that the aggregate numbers of ‘suicides’ which are used to compile suicide rates do actually represent the real number of suicidal deaths in a given population over a given period of time. This pre-supposes, of course, that some deaths have defining characteristics in their manner of occurrence which clearly demarcate them as suicide; given this, the problem is one of identification rather than of definition. The second condition is that since suicide rates are compiled from individual deaths, it should be possible to posit, if not actually demon-strate, a relationship between the social or cultural influences which are supposed to generate stable rates of suicide and the individual instances of suicide.

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