Solar Concentrators

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Bekhruzi Talbi Shokhzoda ◽  
Mikhail Georgievich Tyagunov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

Looking at the history of solar energy and renewable energy in general, the authorities and scientists have been paying much attention to the recent period, due to the depletion of fossil energy resources and the growing difficulties in solving environmental problems. The development of solar energy has led to the use of solar energy concentrators. Concentrators are used to concentrate sunlight onto PV cells. This allows for a reduction in the cell area required for producing a given amount of power. The goal is to significantly reduce the cost of electricity generated by replacing expensive PV converter area with less expensive optical material. In this chapter, the authors talk about concentrators in solar energy, especially about modules based on holographic films. Holographic solar panels (HSP) in recent decades have appeared in large-scale production and been actively used in solar energy. Evaluations of other types of existing concentrators are presented.

scholarly journals BIOPREPARATIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE FOOD – Part I

2017 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nugmanova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost

Russian biopreparations cover almost all aspects of the problem of growing plants. The history of development and implementation of industrial large-scale production of biopreparations in Russia goes back more than 40 years. Biopreparations have a purposeful action and are divided into the following main types: bioinsecticides, biofungicides, biofertilizers, immunomodulators and regulators of plant growth and development, as well as land-fertilizing biopreparations. The variety of Russian biopreparations can fully ensure the implementation of the potential varietal properties of agricultural plants, minimize damage from adverse weather conditions, reduce the cost of chemicals, restore soil humus and obtain environmentally friendly food.

scholarly journals Biotechnological valorization of agro industrial and household wastes for lactic acid production

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Romo-Buchelly ◽  
María Rodríguez-Torres ◽  
Fernando Orozco-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Transformation ◽  
Transformation Potential ◽  
The Cost

Lactic acid (LA) is an organic compound used in several industries, such as food, textile, chemical, and pharmaceutical. The global interest  in  this  product  is  due  to  its  use  for  the  synthesis  of  numerous  chemical  compounds,  including  polylactic  acid,  a  biode-gradable thermoplastic and substitute for petroleum-derived plastics. An in-depth overview of the use of industrial and household wastes as inexpensive substrates in order to reduce the cost of LA production is presented. A review is carried out of the biotech-nological aspects that must be taken into account when using some wastes with high transformation potential to produce LA in a submerged  culture,  as  well  recommendations  for  their  use.  The  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  different  types  of  treatments used for the transformation of waste into suitable substrates are considered. Several methods of fermentation, as well as genetic strategies for increasing the production, are summarized and compared. It is expected that in a few years there will be many ad-vances in these areas that will allow greater large-scale production of LA using agroindustrial or household wastes, with potential positive economic and environmental impact in some regions of the planet.

scholarly journals Insect Cecropins, Antimicrobial Peptides with Potential Therapeutic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Brady ◽  
Alessandro Grapputo ◽  
Ottavia Romoli ◽  
Federica Sandrelli
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
The Cost

The alarming escalation of infectious diseases resistant to conventional antibiotics requires urgent global actions, including the development of new therapeutics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent potential alternatives in the treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections. Here, we focus on Cecropins (Cecs), a group of naturally occurring AMPs in insects, and on synthetic Cec-analogs. We describe their action mechanisms and antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria and other pathogens. We report several data suggesting that Cec and Cec-analog peptides are promising antibacterial therapeutic candidates, including their low toxicity against mammalian cells, and anti-inflammatory activity. We highlight limitations linked to the use of peptides as therapeutics and discuss methods overcoming these constraints, particularly regarding the introduction of nanotechnologies. New formulations based on natural Cecs would allow the development of drugs active against Gram-negative bacteria, and those based on Cec-analogs would give rise to therapeutics effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Cecs and Cec-analogs might be also employed to coat biomaterials for medical devices as an approach to prevent biomaterial-associated infections. The cost of large-scale production is discussed in comparison with the economic and social burden resulting from the progressive diffusion of MDR infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Assessment of Existing Photovoltaic System with Cooling and Cleaning System: Case Study at Al-Khobar City

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Nader ◽  
Wael Al-Kouz ◽  
Sameer Al-Dahidi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Cleaning System ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
The Cost

There is no denial that renewable energy is considered to be the most cost-competitive source of clean power in many parts of the world. Saudi Arabia’s vision 2030 aims at achieving the best by using different sources of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, and others. The use of solar energy in particular for power generation will decrease the dependency on oil, and thus, decrease the greenhouse gasses. Solar panels efficiency tends to decrease with the accumulation of dust on their surface. Thus, a cleaning process requires assigning and employing labor, which increases the cost of running as well as high cost of machinery. The current study focuses on assessing and designing a simple auto self-cleaning system in order to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. The results showed that for the Al-Khobar region, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the efficiency of the solar panels after cleaning was increased from 6% to an average of 12% at nominal temperature of 27 °C. In addition, the average power output was increased by 35% during the day time. In addition, the normal efficiency of the solar panels before cooling was between 10% to 15% at 42 °C. After cooling, the temperature of solar cells decreased to 20 °C and the efficiency increased by 7%. Moreover, the output power was increased by 31% with maximum efficiency of 32% at noon time.

scholarly journals Optimizing Workflow Data Footprint

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurmeet Singh ◽  
Karan Vahi ◽  
Arun Ramakrishnan ◽  
Gaurang Mehta ◽  
Ewa Deelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Distributed Resources ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Data Files ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Open Science Grid

In this paper we examine the issue of optimizing disk usage and scheduling large-scale scientific workflows onto distributed resources where the workflows are data-intensive, requiring large amounts of data storage, and the resources have limited storage resources. Our approach is two-fold: we minimize the amount of space a workflow requires during execution by removing data files at runtime when they are no longer needed and we demonstrate that workflows may have to be restructured to reduce the overall data footprint of the workflow. We show the results of our data management and workflow restructuring solutions using a Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) application and an astronomy application, Montage, running on a large-scale production grid-the Open Science Grid. We show that although reducing the data footprint of Montage by 48% can be achieved with dynamic data cleanup techniques, LIGO Scientific Collaboration workflows require additional restructuring to achieve a 56% reduction in data space usage. We also examine the cost of the workflow restructuring in terms of the application's runtime.

Assessment of Optimized Process Quality and Reliability for Wafer Level Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (S2) ◽  
pp. S1-S52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennis Ogawa ◽  
Aimin Xing ◽  
David F.-S. Liao ◽  
Ten V. Y. Ten ◽  
Chong Wei Neo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Single Defect ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
Edge Delamination ◽  
The Cost

Fanout Wafer Level Packaging (FoWLP) is a very attractive solution for microelectronics applications requiring optimized performance, smaller form factor, and low cost. By utilizing such an approach where system integration is done to multiple chips on a single package frame, the need to ensure much higher levels of process integrity, quality, and reliability becomes absolutely critical, especially if the total product volume lies in the range of tens of millions of units. A single defect type may negate the benefits of such an approach because the cost of losing one FoWLP unit results in the loss of multiple devices. Thus, yield, quality, and reliability optimization using such a package solution is critical for successful large scale manufacturing. In this talk, the issue of defectivity and its impact on quality and reliability on Wafer-Level (WL) devices with regards to the issue of Die Edge Delamination (DED) and Chip Mechanical Integrity (CMI) is discussed. Through this discussion and the resulting solutions found to improve WL quality and reliability, better understanding on how to assess the quality and reliability of a given FoWLP solution for large scale production will be demonstrated.

Amines via Hydroaminomethylation: An Updated Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmela G. Arena
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Atom Economy ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Cost

: Aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines are widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, surfactants and rubber chemicals. Most traditional synthetic methods are often unsuitable for large-scale production due to poor selectivity, harsh reaction conditions and the cost of starting materials. In this context, hydroaminomethylation (HAM) is a very attractive catalytic process with high atom economy that starts from inexpensive reagents, such as alkenes. This review aims to provide an updated overview of hydroaminomethylation as a useful tool for synthesizing aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines. Therefore, the discussion will focus on both unsaturated starting compounds and the amines obtained by this one-pot reaction.

scholarly journals The authentic balut: history, culture, and economy of a Philippine food icon

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carinnes P. Alejandria ◽  
Tisha Isabelle M. De Vergara ◽  
Karla Patricia M. Colmenar
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Industries

AbstractThe practice of making and eating fertilized duck eggs is a widely known practice in Asia. In the Philippines, “balut” is a popularly known Filipino delicacy which is made by incubating duck eggs for about 18 days. However, criticisms against its authenticity and the unstable demand for balut in the market pose challenges to the development of the Philippine balut industry. Consequently, this research aims to trace the history of balut production and consumption in the Philippines by specifically looking into the following. First, it explores the factors that contribute to the discovery and patronage of balut. Second, it identifies the localities that popularized the balut industry. Third, this includes the key industries that started the large scale production of balut. Fourth, it discusses the local ways of balut-making practices in the country. Lastly, it also provides an account of the ways of balut consumption. Through content analysis of secondary data, this research argues that balut remains an authentic Filipino food despite shared patronage in several Asian countries through the localized meanings associated with its consumption, preparation, and distribution.

scholarly journals Toward high production of graphene flakes – a review on recent developments in their synthesis methods and scalability

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (31) ◽  
pp. 15010-15026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Izhar Kairi ◽  
Sebastian Dayou ◽  
Nurul Izni Kairi ◽  
Suriani Abu Bakar ◽  
Brigitte Vigolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Graphene Flakes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
High Production ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

Graphene flakes, one of the most popular form of graphene, can be used for many applications. Their synthesis is in the path to reach the large-scale production if the cost of production is further improved.

Isolation and Purification of Kudinosides from Kuding Tea by Semi-Preparative HPLC Combined with MCI-GEL Resin

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 914-923
Author(s):  
Ji Tian ◽  
Xuanyuan Wang ◽  
Qingxin Shi ◽  
Xingliang Xiang ◽  
Chao Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preparative Hplc ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponins ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Background: Kuding tea, a Traditional Chinese drink, has a history of thousands of years in China. Triterpenoid saponins in Kuding tea are regarded as one of the major functional ingredients. Objective: The aim of this paper was to establish separation progress for the isolation and purification of five triterpenoid saponins (kudinoside A, C, D, F, G) from Kuding tea. Methods: Nine types of resins, including seven macroporous resins and two MCI-GEL resins, were firstly used for purifying triterpenoid saponins by the adsorption and desorption tests. Further dynamic adsorption/desorption experiments were carried out to obtain the optimal parameters for the five targeted saponins. Then the purification of five triterpenoid saponins (kudinoside A, C, D, F, G) was completed by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (semi-pHPLC). Results: As of optimized results, the HP20SS MCI-GEL was selected as the optimal one. The data also showed that 65.24 mg of refined extract including 7.04 mg kudinoside A, 3.52 mg kudinoside C, 4.04 mg kudinoside D, 4.13 mg kudinoside F, and 34.45 mg kudinoside G, could be isolated and purified from 645.90 mg of crude extract in which the content of five saponins was 81.51% and the average recovery reached 69.76%. The final contents of five saponins increased 6.91-fold as compared to the crude extract. Conclusion: The established separation progress was highly efficient, making it a potential approach for the large-scale production in the laboratory and providing several markers of triterpenoid saponins for quality control of Kuding tea or its processing products.

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