Structural Shifts and Patterns in Turkey's Foreign Trade

2020 ◽  
pp. 258-281
Author(s):  
Gönül Dinçer Muratoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
Principal Tool ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Developments

Foreign trade has been a principal tool of the economic policies implemented in Turkey since the foundation of the Republic in 1923. In parallel with the significant developments in the national and global economies, several structural transformations occurred in foreign trade patterns and policies of Turkey. Political approaches varied from strictly protectionist trade regimes to semi-open models and free trade regimes. Previously implemented protectionist trade policies were abandoned in the 1980s for the current open economic policy based on export-led growth model. All these facts led to drastic changes in the composition of goods subject to both Turkey's exports and imports. This chapter examines the fundamental shifts and changes in Turkey's foreign trade by reviewing historical developments, and specifies the existing structural problems in Turkey's foreign trade by analyzing detailed trade data.

scholarly journals Utjecaj plaća na tržište rada u Republici Hrvatskoj

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Stela Prvonožec
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Labour market, value of wages and standard of living are inextricably linked determinants of economic development. Croatian GDP, living standards and purchasing power of the population are among the lowest in Europe. Wage growth in Croatia is present, but, as in most Central and Eastern European countries, it is not accompanied by an increase in labour productivity. The majority of the income of the Croatian population is spent on food, which is associated with low productivity of the economy. There is a significant dependence on social transfers in the structure of the household income, which, for a significant share of the population, represent the difference between poverty and relatively normal life. Croatia has failed to create economic models that enable economic growth through technological progress and strengthening of labour productivity. In order to improve the standard of living in the Republic of Croatia, it is necessary to solve the structural problems present in the labour market and create economic policies that encourage economic growth. This paper analyses the relationship between the value of wages, labour market and standard of living in the Republic of Croatia. The hypothesis is that structural problems in the Croatian labour market affect the value of wages, and consequently the standard of living of Croatian citizens. The aim of this paper is to analyse the structural problems on the labour market in Croatia and their impact on the value of wages. The purpose of this paper is to point out the importance of an efficient labour market in the national economy of the Republic of Croatia.

REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Nabi Ziyadullayev ◽  
◽  
Ulugbek Ziyadullayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cis Countries

The article reveals the features of the international trade, economic and integration priorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The conceptual approaches to joining the WTO, diversification of the geography and structure of foreign trade, as well as the expansion of foreign economic cooperation with world and regional powers, the CIS countries and Central Asia are substantiated. Particular attention is paid to risks and building vectors for effective interaction with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), as well as mitigating the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the national economy.

Experimentalists in the Republic of Letters

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Otto Sibum
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
Experimental Knowledge ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Academic Recognition ◽  
Electro Magnetic

ArgumentWithin the Republic of Letters the art of experiment led to immense reorientation and an extensive redrawing of the enlightened map of natural knowledge. This paper will investigate the formative period of the exact sciences from the late eighteenth to the nineteenth century when the persona of the experimentalist as a scientific expert was shaped. The paper focuses on Moritz Hermann Jacobi’s experimental knowledge derived from his modeling of an electro-magnetic self-acting machine and the social and epistemological problems of its integration into traditional academic life. His struggle to achieve academic recognition and credibility for his experimental work reflects not just his individual quandary, but important structural problems of the historical development of experimental knowledge traditions and science in what has been called the “second scientific revolution.”

scholarly journals The Concept of Indonesia Raya Incorporated Conforms the Constitution of Economics: Studies of Grounded Theory on State Asset Ownership Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
R. Agus Trihatmoko ◽  
Y. Sri Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Republic

The phenomenon regarding the emersion of the idea of Indonesia Raya Incorporated (IRI) is interesting to be thereferences in economic policy studies.This study aim to reveal and interpret the management of state asset ownership as a proposal on the IRI approach. This research used qualitative method, designed with grounded theory approach and constructivism philosophy. Data collection was obtained from the results of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) of economists from various universities. The results reveal that: (1) The gap on state asset ownership by state-owned enterprises(BUMN), regional government-owned enterprises(BUMD) and private sectoras a result of economic liberalization is the antecedent of the emergence of the idea about IRI; (2) IRI encourages changes in the legislation for new economic policies; (3) The new economic policy,in form of IRI eliminates the gap in state asset ownership by BUMN, BUMD and private sector; (4) The gap on state asset ownership by BUMN, BUMD, and private sector will determine the prospects of society welfare level and economic sovereignty, and finally lead to the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. It is generally concluded that IRI whichis proposed in the management of state asset ownership has fulfilled the economic constitution.

scholarly journals The public debt of the Republic of Serbia: The current situation and perspectives

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (164) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Marinko Bosnjak
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Growth Stability ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Republic

The paper deals with the internal and external debt situation of the Republic of Serbia based on the data relating to 2000 and 2004, issued by the Ministry of Finance, as well as the basic macroeconomic assumptions for the regular servicing of debts. The general results of this research indicate that the key institutional assumptions for the strengthening of annuity payment ability are consistent reforms and economic policies, and the key economic assumptions for debt repayment are economics growth, stability and reduction in the volume and changing the structure of government consumption. Investment and export growth which provides for growth in gross domestic product and income in foreign currency, which should be sufficient for debts repayment in the next five years, expressed in time periods as well as annuity payments per year, are the key significance for servicing of debts. Increase in economy efficiency, as well as the efficient use of resources obtained by credit facilities, are guaranties of maintaining the balance between volume and repayment capabilities of debts.

scholarly journals Business cycle synchronization of a small open EU-candidate country’s economy with the EU economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Filipovski ◽  
Predrag Trpeski ◽  
Jane Bogoev
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Euro Zone ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The objectives of this paper are to empirically identify business cycles in a small open EU-candidate country such as the Republic of Macedonia and to assess the degree of synchronization of the country?s business cycle with the cycle of the EU economy. Towards the first objective, we apply linear and non-linear methods for delineating the production gap cycle in the Macedonian economy. As for the second objective, we apply autoregressive methods to assess the size and speed of cyclical adjustment of the Macedonian economy to output shocks to the Euro-zone economy. The results of our analysis suggest a high degree of synchronization of the Macedonian business cycles with the cycles of the EU economy. Also, the shocks in economic activity in the Euro-zone economy are transmitted almost instantaneously, and with a large magnitude, to the Macedonian economy. Finally, the impact of the Euro-zone output contraction is less pronounced than the impact of the Euro-zone output expansion, suggesting an impact of the country?s autonomous countercyclical economic policies.

BRICS-United Nations regional groups’ trade patterns: a panel-gravity approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farkhondeh Jabalameli ◽  
Ehsan Rasoulinezhad
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Pattern ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the similarities in the foreign trade patterns of China and the other BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) members. Design/methodology/approach Three panel data estimations, namely, fixed effect, random effect and fully modified ordinary least squares, have been conducted in this paper based on the gravitational model of international trade for bilateral trade of each BRICS member with five United Nations (UN) regional groups from 2001 to 2015. Findings The results revealed that Russia has a dissimilar trade pattern, based on the Heckscher–Ohlin (H-O) framework, with these five regional groups, while the other BRICS members follow the Linder hypothesis. Furthermore, it was found that China has a faster pace of globalization, while the rest of the BRICS members have experienced regionalization rather than globalization. In addition, geographical distance, as a proxy for transportation cost, has a weaker negative effect on the trade patterns of China and India, which makes the trade patterns of BRICS members dissimilar. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to examine and compare the BRICS member countries’ foreign trade pattern through a gravity trade approach.

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