Microglial Mitophagy and Neurodegenerative Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-128
Author(s):  
Eyitayo Adeyemi Oyindamola ◽  
Maxwell Kwadwo Agyemang ◽  
Joseph Owusu-Sarfo ◽  
Oduro Kofi Yeboah ◽  
Newman Osafo
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Do So

Microglia are important in the regulation of the inflammatory response in regulating the release of proinflammatory mediators in the brain. Through their phagocytic actions, microglia are significant in the CNS when it comes to the body's response to physiological insults by promoting repair of impaired brain function. They do so by engulfing and degrading microbes as well as brain-derived debris and proteins such as myelin and axonal fragments, amyloid-beta, and apoptotic cells. This mitophagic activity of microglia is of importance in neurodegeneration. In most neurodegenerative disorders, mitophagy is impaired with resultant accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria as well as processes such as lysosomal fusion and autophagosomes. In Parkinson's and Alzheimer's for example, impaired mitophagy accounts for the build-up of α-synuclein and amyloid respectively in affected individuals. The chapter discusses extensively the link between microglia mitophagy and neurodegeration and how dysfunctional mitophagy increases the likelihood of their occurrence.

scholarly journals What Are the Molecular Mechanisms by Which Functional Bacterial Amyloids Influence Amyloid Beta Deposition and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Friedland ◽  
Joseph D. McMillan ◽  
Zimple Kurlawala
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Know How ◽  
Unique Distribution ◽  
The Brain

Despite the enormous literature documenting the importance of amyloid beta (Ab) protein in Alzheimer's disease, we do not know how Ab aggregation is initiated and why it has its unique distribution in the brain. In vivo and in vitro evidence has been developed to suggest that functional microbial amyloid proteins produced in the gut may cross-seed Ab aggregation and prime the innate immune system to have an enhanced and pathogenic response to neuronal amyloids. In this commentary, we summarize the molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota may initiate and sustain the pathogenic processes of neurodegeneration in aging.

What Can Sensory Substitution Tell Us about the Organization of the Brain?

2018 ◽  
pp. 94-121
Author(s):  
Sarah Hillenbrand ◽  
Dina Raveh ◽  
Amir Amedi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Sensory Substitution ◽  
Blind People ◽  
Modal Interactions ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Independent Task ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Do So

We discuss how sensory substitution devices (SSDs) can be used to study the organization of the brain. To do so we look at the use of SSDs in the blind and how SSDs can be used to identify sensory-dependent and sensory-independent brain function. Cross-modal interactions may represent new patterns of connectivity or the unmasking of pre-existing associations. We show how the blind brain can be a window into cross-modal plasticity and can dissociate intrinsic and experience-dependent brain functions. We argue that the brain is a sensory-independent task machine and explain the implications for the rehabilitation of blind people.

scholarly journals Dispersion as a waste-clearance mechanism in flow through penetrating perivascular spaces in the brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Troyetsky ◽  
Jeffrey Tithof ◽  
John H. Thomas ◽  
Douglas H. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Oscillatory Flow ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Advection Diffusion ◽  
Circular Annulus ◽  
Clearance Mechanism ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Do So

AbstractAccumulation of metabolic wastes in the brain is correlated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. Waste transport and clearance occur via dispersion, the combined effect of diffusion and advection by flow of fluid. We examine the relative contributions of diffusion and advection in the perivascular spaces (PVSs) that surround penetrating cortical blood vessels and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To do so, we adapt prior analytic predictions of dispersion to the context of PVSs. We also perform advection-diffusion simulations in PVS-like geometries with parameters relevant to transport of amyloid-$$\beta$$ β (associated with Alzheimer’s) in a variety of flows, motivated by in vivo measurements. Specifically, we examine solute transport in steady and unsteady Poiseuille flows in an open (not porous) concentric circular annulus. We find that a purely oscillatory flow enhances dispersion only weakly and does not produce significant transport, whereas a steady flow component, even if slow, clears waste more effectively.

scholarly journals Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panyue Gao ◽  
Xinrong Li ◽  
Xinzhe Du ◽  
Sha Liu ◽  
Yong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Early Biomarkers ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to brain function and the progression of the diseases are irreversible. Due to brain tissue being not easy to acquire, the study of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders has many limitations—lack of reliable early biomarkers and personalized treatment. At the same time, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits most of the drug molecules into the damaged areas of the brain, which makes a big drop in the effect of drug treatment. Exosomes, a kind of endogenous nanoscale vesicles, play a key role in cell signaling through the transmission of genetic information and proteins between cells. Because of the ability to cross the BBB, exosomes are expected to link peripheral changes to central nervous system (CNS) events as potential biomarkers, and can even be used as a therapeutic carrier to deliver molecules specifically to CNS. Here we summarize the role of exosomes in pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of some neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis).

Frontier concept of rabi chip for intelligent humanoid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preecha Yupapin ◽  
Amiri I. S. ◽  
Ali J. ◽  
Ponsuwancharoen N. ◽  
Youplao P.
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rabi Oscillation ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Dipole Oscillation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Robotic Applications ◽  
Atom System

The sequence of the human brain can be configured by the originated strongly coupling fields to a pair of the ionic substances(bio-cells) within the microtubules. From which the dipole oscillation begins and transports by the strong trapped force, which is known as a tweezer. The tweezers are the trapped polaritons, which are the electrical charges with information. They will be collected on the brain surface and transport via the liquid core guide wave, which is the mixture of blood content and water. The oscillation frequency is called the Rabi frequency, is formed by the two-level atom system. Our aim will manipulate the Rabi oscillation by an on-chip device, where the quantum outputs may help to form the realistic human brain function for humanoid robotic applications.

Fisiopatología de la hidrocefália idiopática de presión normal (parte 3): sistemaa glinfático

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Oscar Solís-Salgado ◽  
José Luis López-Payares ◽  
Mauricio Ayala-González
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Bulk Flow ◽  
Polyethylene Glycols ◽  
Brain Interstitial Fluid ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Arterial Pulsation ◽  
The Brain

Las vías de drenaje solutos del sistema nervioso central (SNC) participan en el recambio de liquido intersticial con el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LIT-LCR), generando un estado de homeostasis. Las alteraciones dentro de este sistema homeostático afectará la eliminación de solutos del espacio intersticial (EIT) como el péptido βa y proteína tau, los cuales son sustancias neurotóxicas para el SNC. Se han utilizado técnicas experimentales para poder analizar el intercambio LIT-LCR, las cuales revelan que este intercambio tiene una estructura bien organizada. La eliminación de solutos del SNC no tiene una estructura anatómica propiamente, se han descubierto vías de eliminación de solutos a través de marcadores florecentes en el espacio subaracnoideo, cisternas de la base y sistema ventricular que nos permiten observar una serie de vías ampliamente distribuidas en el cerebro. El LCR muestra que tiene una función linfática debido a su recambio con el LIT a lo largo de rutas paravasculares. Estos espacios que rodean la superficie arterial así como los espacios de Virchow-Robin y el pie astrocitico junto con la AQP-4, facilitan la entrada de LCR para-arterial y el aclaramiento de LIT para-venoso dentro del cerebro. El flujo y dirección que toma el LCR por estas estructuras, es conducido por la pulsación arterial. Esta función será la que finalmente llevara a la eliminación de estas sustancias neurotóxicas. En base a la dependencia de este flujo para la eliminación de sustancias se propone que el sistema sea llamado “ la Vía Glinfática”. La bibliografía así como las limitaciones que se encuentran en esta revisión están dadas por la metodología de búsqueda que ha sido realizada principalmente en PubMed utilizando los siguientes términos Mesh: Cerebral Arterial Pulsation, the brain via paravascular, drainage of amyloid-beta, bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid, radiolabeled polyethylene glycols and albumin, amyloid-β, the perivascular astroglial sheath, Brain Glymphatic Transport.

Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming the Blood-brain Barrier to Treat Tauopathies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1448-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Hanes ◽  
Eva Dobakova ◽  
Petra Majerova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Brain

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The application of potentially effective therapeutics for their successful treatment is hampered by the presence of a naturally occurring brain protection layer called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, where sufficient BBB penetration is inevitable. BBB is a heavily restricting barrier regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS to secure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from dangerous substances and processes. Yet, these natural functions possessed by BBB represent a great hurdle for brain drug delivery. This review is concentrated on summarizing the available methods and approaches for effective therapeutics’ delivery through the BBB to treat neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on tauopathies. It describes the traditional approaches but also new nanotechnology strategies emerging with advanced medical techniques. Their limitations and benefits are discussed.

Finding Community of Brain Networks Based on Neighbor Index and DPSO with Dynamic Crossover

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-299
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Junhong Feng ◽  
Fang-Xiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Mri Brain ◽  
Mutation Operators ◽  
Neural Unit ◽  
Crossover And Mutation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Index Table ◽  
Dynamic Crossover

Background: : The brain networks can provide us an effective way to analyze brain function and brain disease detection. In brain networks, there exist some import neural unit modules, which contain meaningful biological insights. Objective:: Therefore, we need to find the optimal neural unit modules effectively and efficiently. Method:: In this study, we propose a novel algorithm to find community modules of brain networks by combining Neighbor Index and Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) with dynamic crossover, abbreviated as NIDPSO. The differences between this study and the existing ones lie in that NIDPSO is proposed first to find community modules of brain networks, and dose not need to predefine and preestimate the number of communities in advance. Results: : We generate a neighbor index table to alleviate and eliminate ineffective searches and design a novel coding by which we can determine the community without computing the distances amongst vertices in brain networks. Furthermore, dynamic crossover and mutation operators are designed to modify NIDPSO so as to alleviate the drawback of premature convergence in DPSO. Conclusion: The numerical results performing on several resting-state functional MRI brain networks demonstrate that NIDPSO outperforms or is comparable with other competing methods in terms of modularity, coverage and conductance metrics.

Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Fatima ◽  
Yasir Hasan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail with special emphasis on the tangeritin.

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