Child Poverty in Rural Areas

2022 ◽  
pp. 130-158
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
African Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Solutions

Evidence from around the world suggests that children experience poverty as a condition that is damaging to their mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual development. This chapter sheds light on the ways in which poverty impacts rural children and what poverty reduction means in the lives of African children. While children suffer the worst outcomes overall, children in rural areas are significantly more deprived than urban children. The three deprivations which overlap to impact rural children under two years old the most are water, protection (i.e., security), and housing. For these reasons, there are compelling economic, social, and moral grounds that compel us to evaluate child poverty in rural areas in order to understand its severity and urgently find relevant policy solutions.

scholarly journals Association of maternal ethnicity and urbanicity on severe pediatric disease: a nationwide cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ting Chang ◽  
Huei-Shyong Wang ◽  
Jia-Rou Liu ◽  
Chi-Nan Tseng ◽  
I-Jun Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Healthy Migrant Effect

Abstract Background A healthy migrant effect on birth outcomes has been reported, however, whether this protective effect persists throughout childhood is unknown. The effect of urbanicity on child health among an immigrant population is unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rate and cumulative incidence of severe diseases among urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, urban children of foreign-born mothers, and rural children of foreign-born mothers. Methods A nationwide cohort study was conducted for children born in Taiwan during 2004–2011 and follow-up till age 4 to 11 years old by linkage the Taiwan Birth Registry 2004–2011, Taiwan Death Registry 2004–2015, and National Health Insurance Research Database 2004–2015. Cox proportional hazards model (multivariable) was used to examine differences among the four study groups. Results There were 682,982 urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, 662,818 rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, 61,570 urban children of foreign-born mothers, 87,473 rural children of foreign-born mothers. Children of foreign-born mothers had a lower incidence of vasculitis, mainly Kawasaki disease. The incidences of congenital disorders did not differ between children of foreign-born mothers and children of Taiwan-born mothers. The incidence of psychotic disorders was higher in urban children. However, children in rural areas had a higher incidence of major trauma/burn and a higher mortality rate. Conclusions A healthy migrant effect was only seen for Kawasaki disease. The mental health of urban children born to immigrant mothers warrants concern.

scholarly journals The phenomenon of zinc deficiency among children in China aged 3–5 years old

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Bi ◽  
Zhenyu Yang ◽  
Xuehong Pang ◽  
Yifan Duan ◽  
Jianqiang Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Zinc Level ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Control Samples

AbstractIntroductionzinc is an essential micro-nutrient for growth and proper immune function. Yet there are limited data available on the prevalence of zinc deficiency among children aged 3–5 at the country level. This information will enable health planners to determine the need for zinc intervention activities and to stimulate further research into these areas.materials and methodsThe data on children aged 3–5 were extracted from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. By multi-stage stratified cluster randomly sampling method, 30 children aged 3–5 years old were selected from each region for this study from 55 counties in China to analyze serum zinc. Finally, 1472 children aged 3–5 years were included in the study. The concentration of serum zinc was determined by high resolution inductively coupled plasm mass spectrometry. High and low level quality control samples were used, measured value was (1.63 ± 0.04)mg/l and (2.80 ± 0.06)mg/l, respectively. CV of quality control samples were 1.69%~2.45%. The zinc deficiency was defined as serum zinc level < 70μg/dl with the standard of WHO.Resultsserum zinc means of children aged 3–5 years was (95.3 ± 18.2)μg/dl and 3.9% children with zinc deficiency. serum zinc means level in urban children was (98.9 ± 17.6)μg/dl, and (91.6 ± 18.2)μg/dl in rural area. we showed that the serum zinc deficiency rate was higher in rural children (5.5%) than urban children (2.4%), and there were significant differences between these two areas. serum zinc means level in boys aged 3–5 years was (95.3 ± 18.7)μg/dl, and (95.3 ± 17.8)μg/dl in girls aged 3–5 years old. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 1.5%, 6.6% and 1.8% in 3~,4~,5~ years old urban boys, respectively; 6.8%, 7.7% and 4.0% in rural boys, respectively. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 2.3%, 0.8% and 1.7% in 3~,4~,5~ years old urban girls, respectively; 4.1%, 7.0% and 4.0% in rural girls, respectively. And there were differences between urban and rural areas in girls of 4~.5 years.DiscussionThe zinc level of children aged 3–5 years in China has been improved compared with ten years ago, but the zinc deficiency of rural children is still lower than that of urban children, especially those aged 4 to 5 years in rural areas, so we should pay more attention to this group.

scholarly journals The Nutritional and Micronutrient Status of Urban Schoolchildren with Moderate Anemia is Better than in a Rural Area in Kenya

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Charlotte Evang ◽  
Tsige-Yohannes Habte ◽  
Willis Omondi Owino ◽  
Michael Bernhardt Krawinkel
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Low diet quality is a driver of general and micronutrient malnutrition in urban and rural areas. The objective was to compare malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies linked to dietary intake among urban and rural schoolchildren from food insecure settings in Kenya. The cross-sectional study was conducted among urban and rural schoolchildren aged 7–9 years. Height and weight were measured, venous blood samples were assessed and data on dietary intake was collected. After screening out children with hemoglobin >12.2 g/dL and moderate or severe undernutrition, a total of 36 urban and 35 rural children participated. The prevalence of moderate underweight, wasting, and stunting were lower in urban than in rural children, with significant differences in median z-scores for underweight (p < 0.001) and wasting (p < 0.001). Significantly higher values for serum ferritin (p = 0.012) and zinc (p < 0.001) were found in urban children. Yet, the median adequacy ratios were higher for vitamin C (p = 0.045), iron (p = 0.003), and zinc (p = 0.003) in rural than in urban children. General nutritional, iron, and zinc status were significantly better in slightly anemic urban children than in rural ones. Improving the nutrition of schoolchildren in urban and rural settings requires different dietary approaches.

scholarly journals The current state of the vitivinicultural sector in mainland China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Daohua Hu ◽  
Qian Xu ◽  
Yanjun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Shift Analysis ◽  
The World

China's vineyard surface area accounts for the second place in the world, its grape production the first place, and its wine consumption and imports the fifth place. The vitivinicultural sector is playing an increasingly important role in the world. At the same time, vitivinicultural sector has also played an important role in poverty reduction in rural areas of China.Based on the background of the world vitivinicultural sector, it is of great significance to analyze the characteristics of China's domestic vitivinicultural sector, especially the situation of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, to help China continue to reduce poverty in the countryside, optimize the industrial structure, and promote the integration of the three industries. At the same time, it also provides a reference for the consumption and trade of grape products between China and the world. This paper collected the authoritative statistical data of vitivinicultural sector in the world and China for the past two decades, including global national data and China’s provincial data, and analyzed the development trend of grape industries in China from the perspectives of vineyard surface area, grape production, grape use, wine production, consumption and trade in an international context. For the first time, China’s POI information of grape-related enterprises in Baidu online map was retrieved, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of domestic grape industries were analyzed by using ArcGIS software. It includes the comparative analysis of grape surface area and production in different provinces, the development analysis of grape-related primary, secondary and tertiary industries, the trend analysis of grape cultivation in different provinces, and the shift analysis of industrial spatial gravity center. The result not only shows the changes of grape producing areas in China, but also tries to explore the distribution and integration of the three industries at the provincial scale in different parts of China. The future development of grape industry in 31 provinces in mainland China was predicted.

Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and Cat Ownership in Nova Scotia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1172
Author(s):  
Linda H. Pereira ◽  
Miriam Staudt ◽  
Charles E. Tanner ◽  
Juan A. Embil
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Diagnostic Center

In this survey, 998 children and adolescents between 7 months and 17 years of age who attended a hospital diagnostic center in the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, for routine evaluation were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibody. The 5.2% prevalence rate of antibody for children living in the outlying rural areas was significantly higher than the 1.1% rate among the urban children (P = .0006). Seroprevalence increased with age for both rural and urban children. Cat ownership was associated with antibodies to Toxoplasma among rural children but not urban children. Rural children who lived in a house with more than one cat were two times more likely to be infected than children who had one cat and three times more likely to be infected than children with no cats. The geometric mean titer was also significantly higher among the rural children with more than one cat, 1:152, than rural children with one or no cats, 1:63 (P = .02). In light of these findings for children and adolescents, the association of Toxoplasma infection with cat ownership needs to be thoroughly evaluated among pregnant women in rural areas.

scholarly journals The Role of Small Scale Enterprises in Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Sokoto State

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Sirajo Abubakar Ibrahim ◽  
Zayyanu Ladan
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The World Bank estimated 1.29 billion people were living in absolute poverty in 2008. This is more obvious with the regard to Nigeria where it was estimated about 70 % (2010) of the population are living below poverty line. Similarly, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) recently released the figure in 2013., which indicate Sokoto state as having highest incidence of poverty, with 81.2 % poverty rate. The pressure of poverty and the absence of any other income earning activity during the dry season force the people in these area of the North Western part of Sokoto on Migration after every raining season across the country, in order to sustain their livelihood. This paper is of the opinion that rural dwellers can be self reliant within their locality by utilizing the available resources as well as establishing some new business ideas for small scale business as a strategy in poverty reduction and controlling high migration rate. Similarly the paper recommend among others, the effective enlightenment awareness and motivation on the role of boosting the economic development of the rural areas.

scholarly journals Subnational variation of stunting, wasting and malnutrition in Chinese primary-school children between 2010 and 2014: urban–rural disparity

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2043-2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhui Dong ◽  
Kristina Bennett ◽  
Catherine Jan ◽  
Bin Dong ◽  
Zhiyong Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Childhood Stunting

AbstractObjectiveTo examine urban–rural disparity in childhood stunting, wasting and malnutrition at national and subnational levels in Chinese primary-school children in 2010 and 2014.DesignData were obtained from two nationwide cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2010 and 2014. Malnutrition was classified using the Chinese national ‘Screening Standard for Malnutrition of Children’.SettingAll twenty-seven mainland provinces and four municipalities of mainland China.ParticipantsChildren aged 7–12 years (n215 214; 107 741 in 2010 and 107 473 in 2014) from thirty-one provinces.ResultsStunting, wasting and malnutrition prevalence were 1·9, 12·3 and 13·7 % in 2010, but decreased to 1·0, 9·4 and 10·2 % in 2014, respectively. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and malnutrition in both urban and rural children was higher in western provinces, while lower in eastern provinces. Although the prevalence of wasting and malnutrition was higher in rural children than their urban counterparts, the urban–rural disparity in both wasting and malnutrition decreased from 2010 to 2014 (prevalence OR: wasting, 1·35 to 1·16; malnutrition, 1·50 to 1·27). A reversal occurred in 2014 in several eastern provinces where the prevalence of wasting and malnutrition in urban children surpassed their rural peers. The urban–rural disparity was larger in western provinces than eastern provinces.ConclusionsThe shrinking urban–rural disparity and the reversal in wasting and malnutrition suggest that the malnutrition situation has improved during the post-crisis period, especially in the western provinces. Region-specific policies and interventions can be useful to sustainably mitigate malnutrition in Chinese children, especially in rural areas and the western provinces.

scholarly journals Association of Maternal Ethnicity and Urbanicity on Severe Pediatric Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ting Chang ◽  
Huei-Shyong Wang ◽  
Jia-Rou Liu ◽  
Chi-Nan Tseng ◽  
I-Jun Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Healthy Migrant Effect

Abstract Background: A healthy migrant effect on birth outcomes has been reported, however, whether this protective effect persists throughout childhood is unknown. The effect of urbanicity on child health among an immigrant population is unclear. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rate and cumulative incidence of severe diseases among urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, urban children of foreign-born mothers, and rural children of foreign-born mothers. Methods: A nationwide cohort study was conducted for children born in Taiwan during 2004-2011 and follow-up till age 4 to 11 years old by linkage the Taiwan Birth Registry 2004-2011, Taiwan Death Registry 2004-2015, and National Health Insurance Research Database 2004-2015. Cox proportional hazards model (multivariable) was used to examine differences among the four study groups. Results: There were 682,982 urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, 662,818 rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, 61,570 urban children of foreign-born mothers, 87,473 rural children of foreign-born mothers. Children of foreign-born mothers had a lower incidence of vasculitis, mainly Kawasaki disease. The incidences of congenital disorders did not differ between children of foreign-born mothers and children of Taiwan-born mothers. The incidence of psychotic disorders was higher in urban children. However, children in rural areas had a higher incidence of major trauma/burn and a higher mortality rate. Conclusions: A healthy migrant effect was only seen for Kawasaki disease. The mental health of urban children born to immigrant mothers warrants concern.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOLCHILDREN OF 7-10 YEARS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-313
Author(s):  
I. P. Saldan ◽  
Artem P. Pashkov ◽  
O. V. Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
School Level ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Right

The study assessed the physical development of rural and urban children aged of 7-10 years in the Altai Territory for somatometric and physiometric indices (height, body weight, chest circumference, vital capacity of lungs, dynamometry, arterial pressure). Somatometric indices of the physical development in rural children of primary school level have been established to be statistically significantly higher than similar indices of urban children in boys and girls. The evaluation of physiometric indices in groups of rural and urban children revealed another trend. Indices of the right-hand muscle strength, the vital capacity of lungs, arterial pressure (systolic and diastolic) by 10 years in urban children begins to exceed these indices of rural peers. The revealed differences in the physical development of rural and urban children show a different combination and a share of the influence of environmental factors on the schoolchildren’s organism.

scholarly journals Association of Maternal Ethnicity and Urbanicity on Severe Pediatric Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ting Chang ◽  
Huei-Shyong Wang ◽  
Jia-Rou Liu ◽  
Chi-Nan Tseng ◽  
I-Jun Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Healthy Migrant Effect

Abstract Background A healthy migrant effect on birth outcomes has been reported, however, whether this protective effect persists throughout childhood is unknown. The effect of urbanicity on child health among an immigrant population is unclear. Objectives We compared the incidence rate and cumulative incidence of severe diseases among urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, urban children of foreign-born mothers, and rural children of foreign-born mothers. Methods A nationwide cohort study was conducted for children born in Taiwan during 2004-2011 and follow-up till age 4 to 11 years old by linkage the Taiwan Birth Registry 2004-2011, Taiwan Death Registry 2004-2015, and National Health Insurance Research Database 2004-2015. Cox proportional hazards model (multivariable) was used to examine differences among the four study groups. Results There were 682,982 urban children of Taiwan-born mothers, 662,818 rural children of Taiwan-born mothers, 61,570 urban children of foreign-born mothers, 87,473 rural children of foreign-born mothers. Children of foreign-born mothers had a lower incidence of vasculitis, mainly Kawasaki disease. The incidences of congenital disorders did not differ between children of foreign-born mothers and children of Taiwan-born mothers. The incidence of psychotic disorders was higher in urban children. However, children in rural areas had a higher incidence of major trauma/burn and a higher mortality rate. Conclusions A healthy migrant effect was only seen for Kawasaki disease. The mental health of urban children born to immigrant mothers warrants concern.

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