Spread of COVID-19 and Its Main Modes of Transmission

2022 ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
Soraia El Baz ◽  
Ahmed Draoui ◽  
Mohamed Echchakery ◽  
Natalia Lopez-Gonzalez del Rey ◽  
Karima Chgoura
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

The coronaviruses group can affect mammals, including humans, causing generally mild infectious disorders, sporadically leading to severe outbreak clusters, such as those generated by SARS-CoV in 2003 and by MERS-CoV in 2012 and in 2015. The current coronavirus outbreak started December 29th, 2019 in Wuhan (Republic of China) and has progressively expanded to various parts of the world. A human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 occurs directly through individuals showing symptoms. But, recent researches support the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from persons who are asymptomatic. Indirect transmission occurs via touching infected surfaces or through inhalation of small, exhaled virus in respiratory droplets. To effectively fight the spread of COVID-19, it is vital to understand the different factors that promote superspreading of COVID-19. So, the aim of this chapter is to describe the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the human body and the different modes of transmission (directly and indirectly).

Coronavirus diseases and pregnancy: COVID-19,SARS, and MERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Mobina Fathi ◽  
Kimia Vakili ◽  
Niloofar Deravi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Around the end of December 2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China began to spread rapidly. The new virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which could be transmitted through respiratory droplets, had a range of mild to severe symptoms, from simple cold in some cases to death in others. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 by WHO and has so far killed more people than SARS and MERS. Following the widespread global outbreak of COVID-19, with more than 132758 confirmed cases and 4955 deaths worldwide, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease in January 2020. Earlier studies on viral pneumonia epidemics has shown that pregnant women are at greater risk than others. During pregnancy, the pregnant woman is more prone to infectious diseases. Research on both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which are pathologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, has shown that being infected with these viruses during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and, preterm delivery. With the exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 throughout the world, there is a need to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of pregnant women, through extrapolation of earlier studies that have been conducted on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. There is an urgent need to understand the chance of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and the possibility of the virus crossing the placental barrier. Additionally, since some viral diseases and antiviral drugs may have a negative impact on the mother and fetus, in which case, pregnant women need special attention for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

Mobile Perception and the Automotive Prosthetic

Transfers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa N. Terranova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Conceptual Art ◽  
Robert Smithson ◽  
Martha Rosler ◽  
The World ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Linguistics

This essay focuses on a body of photoconceptual works from the 1960s and 1970s in which the automobile functions as a prosthetic-like aperture through which to view the world in motion. I argue that the logic of the “automotive prosthetic“ in works by Paul McCarthy, Dennis Hopper, Ed Ruscha, Jeff Wall, John Baldessari, Richard Prince, Martha Rosler, Robert Smithson, Ed Kienholz, Julian Opie, and Cory Arcangel reveals a techno-genetic understanding of conceptual art, functioning in addition and alternatively to semiotics and various philosophies of language usually associated with conceptual art. These artworks show how the automobile, movement on roads and highways, and the automotive landscape of urban sprawl have transformed the human sensorium. I surmise that the car has become a prosthetic of the human body and is a technological force in the maieusis of the posthuman subject. I offer a reading of specific works of photoconceptual art based on experience, perception, and a posthumanist subjectivity in contrast to solely understanding them according to semiotics and linguistics.

Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its manifestation

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikash Debnath ◽  
Waikhom Somraj Singh ◽  
Kuntal Manna
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Pregnant Mother ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first outbreak in Wuhan, China, and the infection is intense worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed total deaths had noted 4.20% globally (March 21, 2020). Between the intervals of four months (July 21, 2020), confirmed total deaths had recorded 4.17%, globally. In India, 909 confirmed cases and 19 deaths were reported by Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March 28, 2020. Between the intervals of 123 days In India, 1638870 confirmed cases and 35684 deaths. COVID-19 can potentially spread from person to person through direct contact or respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, difficulty in breathing, and fatigue. A pregnant mother with COVID-19 has fewer chances to transfer this infection of her newborn babies. Children have less affected than an adult. A specific antiviral drug or vaccine has not been developed to cure the disease. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, nafamostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir have effective drugs to treat COVID-19. Many vaccine candidates are under pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, sign-symptoms, pathogenesis, mode of transmission, and effects of a pregnant mother with newborns, children, prevention, and drugs affective to COVID-19.

Focusing on India’s Look East Policy: India–China relationship from 1947 to 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 223386592110183
Author(s):  
Kaushik Roy
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
International System ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
China And India ◽  
The World

Before the onset of the industrial revolution, China and India were the two biggest powers in Eurasia. Their total population comprised almost half of the world’s population. And the GNP of premodern China was half of the combined GNP of the world. Before circa 1600 CE, most of the textiles and iron in the world were manufactured in these two countries. China and India suffered a temporary eclipse during the age of colonialism. However, with the rise of the economic and military power of China and India from the late 20th century, it seems that these two countries are bound to reclaim their traditional positions as big powers in the international system. However, there is a caveat. In the premodern era, the Himalayas prevented any intimate contact between the ‘dragon’ and the ‘elephant’. But, from the mid-20th century, advances in technology, economic competition and the annexation of Tibet by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) among other factors resulted in China and India coming into direct contact with each other. The result has been cooperation–competition–conflict. And this has had consequences not only for these two countries but for the whole world. The present article attempts to trace the troubled trajectory of India’s China policy from the late 1940s (when these two countries became independent) up to the present day.

Influence of Renminbi Internationalization on China’s Monetary Policy Effects: A Theoretical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Huiguan Ding ◽  
Asli Ogunc ◽  
Dale Funderburk ◽  
Shiyou Li ◽  
Zhebie Shi
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Securities Markets ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rmb Internationalization

For more than a decade, the People’s Republic of China has sought to expand the degree of internationalization of its official currency. In recent decades, China has become the world’s second largest economy, as well as the world’s largest trading nation, and its securities markets are among the largest in the world. Today, the RMB is among the top five as a world payments currency. One of the significant costs of achieving higher degrees of internationalization of a country’s currency is the complicating impact it has on the efficacy and effect of that country’s domestic monetary policy.  However, what is the nature and extent of that complicating impact? This paper employs an IS-LM model of an open economy as an analytical framework, embeds an RMB internationalization factor into that model. Specifically, with this model we examine the impact of RMB internationalization on the effects of China’s monetary policy. 

The current state of the question of the "reaction" of fluids of the human body

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-420
Author(s):  
L. B. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Current State ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The World ◽  
Diagnostics And Therapy

The question of the "reaction" of the fluids of the human body is not entirely new, but only in the last few years, mainly during the war years, it has attracted the general attention of biologists, physiologists and doctors around the world. Only now are more or less broad prospects emerging, which the development of this question promises for physiology, diagnostics, and therapy. Therefore, I ask the reader to arm yourself with patience in order to overcome the preliminary physico-chemical part of this review.

Aftermath of Covid -19 Pandemic in the community

2021 ◽  
pp. 498-500
Author(s):  
Sholly. CK
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Novel corona virus (COVID-19) is an infectious condition, which can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another and causes respiratory illnesses, range from common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. The first cases of this virus were found in Wuhan, China. According to the World Health Organization, COVID-19 is serious health concern and has higher risk for severe illness and spreading rapidly all over the world.This novel coronavirus was named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO in February 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease 2019 a pandemic, in the year2020 March. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus. Among all cases about 92% of the confirmed cases were recorded from China. Initial reports suggest that death rate ranges from 1% to 2% which varies in the study and country. The most of the death have occurred in patients over 50 years of age followed by young children. For the confirmed cases which included both laboratory and clinically diagnosed till now there is no specific antiviral treatment recommended but there is vaccine currently available. Once the virus develops in people, corona viruses can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. The viral material hangs out in these droplets and can be breathed into the respiratory tract, where the virus can then lead to an infection. Repercussions of Covid -19 on individuals, families and on front line warriors are countless1.

Infant Warmer Equipped with Digital Weight Scales

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jundi Al'Aziz ◽  
Bambang Guruh Irianto ◽  
Abd Kholiq
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
External Calibration ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Measured Load ◽  
Error Percentage ◽  
Standard Weight

Scales Scales in the world of health are used to measure human body weight such as baby scales. Newborns are very important to be weighed because it is used as a measure of the baby's health indication ranging from 2.4 kg to 4.2 kg. The author makes a tool for this to make it easier for users to weigh with a 7 segment display on the Infant Warmer tool and external calibration. By using a loadcell sensor with a maximum capacity of 5 kg, the loadcell can detect the weight of the load where the voltage generated by the loadcell of 0.7 mV at a load of 1 kg is amplified to 0.62 V by the PSA circuit using the AD620 IC and then processed by Arudino UNO as a microcontroller. The weight results will be displayed on the 7Segment display located on the Infant Warmer tool. In the study, the measured load included a weight of 0 kg to a maximum weight of 5 kg. The measurement of the data results was carried out 5 times each by comparing the modules that had been made with the standard weight, namely (lead). The data from the measurement results of the research module shows that when the weight of the measurement at 1 kg has an error percentage of 0.08%. Measurements at a weight of 2 kg have an error percentage of 0.05%. Measurement of weight 3 kg has a presentation error of 0.01%. Measurements at a weight of 4 kg have a presentation error of 0.02%. And measurements at a weight of 5 kg have an error percentage of 0.04%. Then the data from the measurement results of the research module shows the largest error presentation of 0.08% at a weight of 1 kg. And the data from the measurement results of the research module shows the smallest error presentation of 0.01% at a weight of 3 kg. Making a research module in the form of a scale placed on an infant warmer can make it easier for the wearer.

INTESTINAL INJURIES IN COMBINED ABDOMINAL TRAUMA

2021 ◽  
Vol Special issue (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Numonjon Haydarov ◽  
◽  
Ishnazar Mustafakulov ◽  
Xudoyberdi Karabaev ◽  
Xushvakt Umedov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Abdominal Trauma ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
Multiple Injuries ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Industrial Accidents ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The World

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in injuries all over the world. Man-made and natural disasters, local military conflicts, transport and industrial accidents in 50-60% of cases of all injuries lead to combined and multiple injuries to organs and systems of the human body, and, as a result, to high sanitary losses in the first hours and days [1,2,5,11,16,22,26,].This article discusses intestinal injuries in combined abdominal trauma.Keywords:trauma, gunshot wounds of the colon, closed abdominal trauma

scholarly journals Macro and micro minerals: are frozen fruits a good source?

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia D.S. Spada ◽  
Giovana V. Bortolin ◽  
Daniel Prá ◽  
Carla E.I. Santos ◽  
Johnny F. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Dietary Reference Intakes ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
The World ◽  
Ice Creams

Fruits are rich in minerals, which are essential for a wide variety of metabolic and physiologic processes in the human body. The use of frozen fruits has greatly spread in the last years not only in the preparation of juices, but also as raw material for yogurts, candies, cookies, cakes, ice creams, and children's food. However, up to now there is no data about the mineral profile of frozen fruits. This is the first database to quantify the levels of minerals in 23 samples of frozen fruits, including the most used around the world and some native fruits from the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Considering the Dietary Reference Intakes, 100g of frozen fruits can provide 0.2 to 2.8% of macro and 2.5 to 100% of microminerals for adults (31-50 years old). Although geographical differences should be considered, these data can help to plan diets and to develop population interventions aiming to prevent chronic diseases.

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