Application of Nanoemulsions in the Vaccination Process

2022 ◽  
pp. 494-516
Author(s):  
Sumira Malik ◽  
Shristi Kishore ◽  
Shradha A. Kumar ◽  
Anjali Kumari ◽  
Manisha Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Stable Emulsion ◽  
Contagious Diseases

Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches for the prevention of deadly and highly contagious diseases. One of the important biomedical applications of nanoemulsions is in the process of vaccination. Nanoemulsions are made from nano-sized safe, well-considered ingredients, amalgamated in a protective way to bring forth a stable emulsion. They have provided ways for vaccine delivery using intranasal or mucosal oil-based emulsions rather than using needles. Also, some nanoemulsions have effectively shown anti-pathogenic activities against several germs. Nanoemulsions are also used as vaccine adjuvants and are used to boost the effectiveness of vaccines. Nanoemulsion-based adjuvants put forward the possibility of non-irritating, needle-free vaccines, handed out as nose drops or as a simple nasal sprayer. The chapter aims to discuss the applications of nanoemulsions in the process of vaccination.

scholarly journals The CpG molecular structure controls the mineralization of calcium phosphate nanoparticles and their immunostimulation efficacy as vaccine adjuvants

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 9603-9615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Razieh Khalifehzadeh ◽  
Hamed Arami
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles

Effects of the CpG molecular structure on the mineralization and immunostimulation efficacy of calcium phosphate nanoparticles are explored for vaccine delivery applications.

Potential of Nanocarriers in Antigen Delivery: The Path to Successful Vaccine Delivery

Nanocarriers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Patravale ◽  
Priyanka Prabhu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
Generation Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Immense Potential

AbstractVaccination has indubitably made noteworthy contribution to global health. Recent years have witnessed the employment of subunit antigens rather than inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, owing to the superior safety of the former. The intrinsic weak immunogenicity of subunit antigens makes it imperative to formulate them with an adjuvant. Presently, the armamentarium of approved vaccine adjuvants is very poor. Nanocarriers hold great promise for successful vaccine delivery owing to their versatility, excellent cellular uptake properties, capacity to protect antigen, amenability to targeting, and ability to offer prolonged antigen presentation. All these attributes ultimately endow nanocarriers with immense potential to achieve needle-free vaccine delivery, reduce the number of vaccinations, attain dose sparing of antigen, and lead to stronger immune response generation. Nanocarriers can be explored in manifold ways to accomplish targeted antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells. They can be formulated to contain both antigen and immunostimulant molecules, and they can be engineered from specific materials to achieve antigen presentation through the desired pathway to stimulate a particular arm of the immune response. This review discusses the basics of immune response generation, mechanisms of adjuvanticity by nanocarriers, parameters influencing their adjuvanticity, and finally describes the incredible opportunities offered by a gamut of nanocarriers for vaccine delivery

scholarly journals Analysis of Biomedical Applications in Embedded Systems Devices

2021 ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Yue Dong ◽  
Charlie Siu
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mobile Computers

Embedded systems are rapidly being used in clinical and biological applications, as well as commercial, telecommunications, government, and other business applications. Embedded system solutions are growing in popularity, not only with types of technologies, garments, industries, healthcare and military hardware, and mobile computers, but with software solutions like' electronic worlds' and 'mobile worlds,' deep learning, and internet of things, which allow for the creation of a wide range of application. With the growth of viral illnesses like the Covid-19 virus, tele-health technologies for diagnostics, prognostic, and patient treatment have become more important in recent decades. In medical technologies, embedded device techniques have taken a significant role. Developing techniques to improve the security of medical practitioners in the case of pandemic contagious diseases, such as epidemics, is particularly important. Patients released from clinics home-based or in treatment wards that are non-intensive during the quarantine period, or segregated in their residences, outpatients’ departments, and moderately ailing individuals are progressively being monitored remotely, instantaneously, safely, and rapidly for this reason. The applications biomedical applications in embedded systems will be discussed in this paper.

In situ real time monitoring of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants

The Analyst ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Ralbovsky ◽  
Randal J. Soukup ◽  
Justin P. Lomont ◽  
Mackenzie L. Lauro ◽  
Amanda Gulasarian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Process Analytical Technology ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Stable Emulsion ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Analytical Technology

Process analytical technology was used to monitor formation of a stable emulsion product, with results providing improved understanding of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvant formation processes.

pH Sensitive phosphorylated chitosan hydrogel as vaccine delivery system for intramuscular immunization

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1358-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianye Wei ◽  
Wei Xue ◽  
Xifei Yu ◽  
Xiaozhong Qiu ◽  
Zonghua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Vaccine Delivery System ◽  
Immune Adjuvants ◽  
Gel Network

In the field of immunotherapy, immune vaccinations have received more and more attention for disease prevention and treatment. In immune vaccination, efficient vaccine adjuvants are necessary due to the weak immunogenicity of vaccines. Some traditional vaccine adjuvants have been widely used but have shown obvious limitations such as poor biosafety. Therefore, researchers make a great effort to develop more functional novel immune adjuvants such as chitosan-based immune adjuvants. However, chitosan is poorly water soluble, which greatly limits its application as immune adjuvants, regardless of its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and other biological activities. In this work, we prepared a water-soluble chitosan derivative phosphorylated chitosan (PCS) and evaluated its potential as a novel immune adjuvant. PCS was found to be pH sensitive: specifically, it was water soluble at pH < 7.0 but began to gel at pH >7.0. By virtue of this, neutral PCS aqueous solutions containing ovalbumin (OVA) antigen was intramuscularly injected into test mice, which would transform to an OVA-containing gel network for OVA immunization. The results showed that the use of 30 mg/mL PCS-based hydrogel as vaccine delivery system contributed to significantly higher level of antigen-specific immune responses, including higher level of antigen-specific IgG antibodies, IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines secretion by splenocytes, as well as memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In vivo imaging and immunohistochemistry assays suggest that the improved immunization efficacy may be attributed to the controlled release of antigen from injection site by PCS gel network, and then prolonged antigen stimuli to the immune system. From the results, PCS could be developed as a promising vaccine delivery system for immunotherapy.

Engineered fluorescent carbon dots as promising immune adjuvants to efficiently enhance cancer immunotherapy

Nanoscale ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 22035-22043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijia Luo ◽  
Chuang Liu ◽  
Tao He ◽  
Leyong Zeng ◽  
Jie Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Immune Adjuvants ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon Dots ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon

Carbon dots, as vaccine adjuvants, have been firstly engineered for cancer immunotherapy, providing many possibilities for biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Bacterial Ghosts-Based Vaccine and Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1892
Author(s):  
Haojie Chen ◽  
Hao Ji ◽  
Xiangjun Kong ◽  
Pengyu Lei ◽  
Qinsi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Bacterial Ghosts ◽  
Cloned Gene ◽  
Novel Delivery Systems

Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty bacterial envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria produced by controlled expressions of cloned gene E, forming a lysis tunnel structure within the envelope of the living bacteria. Globally, BGs have been used as vaccine delivery systems and vaccine adjuvants. There is an increasing interest in the development of novel delivery systems that are based on BGs for biomedical applications. Due to intact reservation of bacterial cell membranes, BGs have an inherent immunogenicity, which enables targeted drug delivery and controlled release. As carrier vehicles, BGs protect drugs from interference by external factors. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in BG-based delivery systems against tumors, inflammation, and infection, among others. Herein, we reviewed the preparation methods for BGs, interactions between BGs and the host, and further highlighted research progress in BG development.

scholarly journals Laser facilitates vaccination

2016 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 1630003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Wang ◽  
Peiyu Li ◽  
Xinyuan Chen ◽  
Mei X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Laser Technology ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Development of novel vaccine deliveries and vaccine adjuvants is of great importance to address the dilemma that the vaccine field faces: to improve vaccine efficacy without compromising safety. Harnessing the specific effects of laser on biological systems, a number of novel concepts have been proposed and proved in recent years to facilitate vaccination in a safer and more efficient way. The key advantage of using laser technology in vaccine delivery and adjuvantation is that all processes are initiated by physical effects with no foreign chemicals administered into the body. Here, we review the recent advances in using laser technology to facilitate vaccine delivery and augment vaccine efficacy as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Applications of Scanning Microscopy in Biomedical Research

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
T. L. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Content Information ◽  
Sectioned Tissue

Biomedical applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have increased in number quite rapidly over the last several years. Studies have been made of cells, whole mount tissue, sectioned tissue, particles, human chromosomes, microorganisms, dental enamel and skeletal material. Many of the advantages of using this instrument for such investigations come from its ability to produce images that are high in information content. Information about the chemical make-up of the specimen, its electrical properties and its three dimensional architecture all may be represented in such images. Since the biological system is distinctive in its chemistry and often spatially scaled to the resolving power of the SEM, these images are particularly useful in biomedical research.In any form of microscopy there are two parameters that together determine the usefulness of the image. One parameter is the size of the volume being studied or resolving power of the instrument and the other is the amount of information about this volume that is displayed in the image. Both parameters are important in describing the performance of a microscope. The light microscope image, for example, is rich in information content (chemical, spatial, living specimen, etc.) but is very limited in resolving power.

How SIMS microscopy can be used in medicine

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1602-1603
Author(s):  
Philippe Fragu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
Chemical Integrity ◽  
Scientific Endeavour

The identification, localization and quantification of intracellular chemical elements is an area of scientific endeavour which has not ceased to develop over the past 30 years. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) microscopy is widely used for elemental localization problems in geochemistry, metallurgy and electronics. Although the first commercial instruments were available in 1968, biological applications have been gradual as investigators have systematically examined the potential source of artefacts inherent in the method and sought to develop strategies for the analysis of soft biological material with a lateral resolution equivalent to that of the light microscope. In 1992, the prospects offered by this technique are even more encouraging as prototypes of new ion probes appear capable of achieving the ultimate goal, namely the quantitative analysis of micron and submicron regions. The purpose of this review is to underline the requirements for biomedical applications of SIMS microscopy.Sample preparation methodology should preserve both the structural and the chemical integrity of the tissue.

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