Development of L2 listening metacognitive awareness via online metacognitive listening practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metacognitive Processes ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Metacognitive Intervention ◽  
Second Language Listening ◽  
Shape Pattern ◽  
L2 Listening ◽  
Listening Task

Metacognitive intervention of listening has prevailed in L2 (Second Language) listening research in the past decade. However, rare research has linked metacognitive intervention with online listening. This study examines L2 learners’ development of metacognitive awareness of listening through online metacognitive listening practice. A set of online metacognitive listening exercises were constructed, based on a metacognitive cycle that regularly guides learners through metacognitive processes of listening. Thirty-nine low-proficiency Chinese university EFL listeners from one intact class participated in the study and did online listening practice as individual outside-class homework for 14 weeks. The development of metacognitive awareness was measured by MALQ and enriched by the learners' reflective notes. Results reveal an inverted U-shape pattern in the development of metacognitive awareness and that the factors of metacognitive awareness develop asynchronously. Some factors appear more susceptible to listening task difficulty and more unstable in the development process.

Predicting second language listening functor comprehension probability with usage-based and embodiment approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110008
Author(s):  
Allie Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Length ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frequency Word ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Second Language Listening ◽  
L2 Listening ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
The Relationship

Aims and Objectives: Embodiment is a major paradigm of first language (L1) research but has not yet been widely adopted in second language (L2) research. The main objective of this research was to find evidence for the effects of sensorimotor embodiment on L2 listening functor comprehension rates. Research Hypothesis: Frequency, word length, and Minkowski3 sensorimotor norms are significantly predictive of functor comprehension probability in an L2 listening task. Methodology: 129 Japanese participants were administered a paused transcription test that contained twelve target phrases. Data and analysis: Transcription of functors was the dependent variable. The independent variables were frequency, word length, and Minkowski3 sensorimotor ratings. These variables were analyzed with logit mixed-effects regressions. Findings/conclusions: Greater frequency, longer word length, and higher Minkowski3 ratings were found to facilitate comprehension and significantly increase the probability that a functor was transcribed. Frequency rates derived from spontaneous L1 oration and conversations were found to be significant, whereas frequency derived from written texts was not significant despite being from a much larger corpus. Originality: No L2 study has used Minkowski3 sensorimotor ratings to predict L2 performance. Minkowski3 ratings quantify the relationship between language and the body. Few researchers have yet to incorporate embodiment theories into models of L2 comprehension. Implications: Embodiment theories complement usage-based approaches and should be incorporated into existing L2 theories. Researchers should be aware of textual differences between corpora and choose corpora appropriate for their analyses.

scholarly journals Second language listening comprehension: The role of anxiety and enjoyment in listening metacognitive awareness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-515
Author(s):  
Lanxi Wang ◽  
Peter MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Listening Anxiety ◽  
Second Language Listening ◽  
L2 Listening

Emotion in second language acquisition (SLA) has recently received greater attention because it is largely implicated in daily conversations, which may affect second or foreign language (L2) use including listening comprehension. Most research into emotion and L2 listening comprehension is focused exclusively on anxiety, with an attempt to reduce its negative effects on individuals’ listening performance. With the arrival of positive psychology in SLA, researchers began to take a holistic view of a wider range of emotions including enjoyment that language learners experience during their L2 communication. The current study explored the relationships among listening anxiety, enjoyment, listening comprehension performance, and listening metacognitive awareness among a group of 410 international students in a Canadian university. Correlational analyses showed that listening anxiety was negatively correlated with enjoyment. However, these two variables shared only 18% of their variance, indicating that listening anxiety and enjoyment are related but independent emotions. This study suggests that anxiety and enjoyment in L2 listening are not the opposite ends of the same emotional continuum, but each serves a different purpose. L2 learners should work to find intriguing and enjoyable experiences in language learning, rather than focusing merely on reducing anxiety.

Weiterentwicklung der «Waldpolitik 2020» aus Sicht der Schweizer Waldstakeholder

2016 ◽  
Vol 167 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Zabel ◽  
Eva Lieberherr
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Expert Interviews ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Forest Act

Advancement of the Swiss Forest Policy 2020 from stakeholders' perspectives In light of the ending of the Swiss “ Forest Policy 2020”, this article assesses the goals, challenges and concerns of Swiss forest stakeholders in relation to forest policy post 2020. The data were collected through expert interviews and an online survey. The results show that securing an economically sustainable forest management and economically viable silvicultural businesses are key concerns for many stakeholders. Apart from these issues, several further and sometimes conflicting interests were mentioned. The study concludes that a debate on an adjustment of the weights given to goals in the Swiss Forest Policy 2020 may be commendable. However, there does not appear to be need for a complete change of course in order to address the stakeholders' needs and concerns. In terms of policy process, most stakeholders positively evaluated the past planning and development process of the Swiss Forest Policy 2020, but also provided suggestions for improvements. Finally, a network analysis revealed that the Swiss Federal Agency for the Environment, the Swiss Forest Owners Association and the Conference of Cantonal Foresters played a central role in the amendment of the Swiss Federal Forest Act. The analysis also showed that more stakeholders find each other as important than actually work together in a legislative process.

scholarly journals Chronotypes’ Task-Technology Fit for Search and Purchase in Omnichannel Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Syed Waqar Haider ◽  
Guijun Zhuang ◽  
Hammad bin Azam Hashmi ◽  
Shahid Ali
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mobile Channel ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Mobile Channels ◽  
Task Technology Fit ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
Morning Type

Advances in technology have led to a spurt in tech-savvy consumers displaying increasingly complex behavior. In the past, consumers concluded their search and purchases at a single physical store. Nowadays, however, they possess a number of digital devices (desktops and/or mobiles) through which they can switch channels seamlessly to search for information and make a purchase. There are very few studies that investigate desktop and mobile channels separately; this is perhaps the first study that examines the effect of chronotypes (evening- and morning-type individuals) on a sample of Chinese university students using online and mobile channels in the omnichannel process. The results from a sample of 311 digital shoppers (desktops and/or mobiles) confirm that the mobile channel offers greater task-technology fit to evening-type respondents and desktop channels present better task-technology fit to morning-type respondents to engage in the omnichannel process. Furthermore, this study discussed contributions and insights for managers to develop an effective omnichannel strategy.

scholarly journals Special issue on ‘Program development’

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 423-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURICE BRUYNOOGHE ◽  
KUNG-KIU LAU
Keyword(s):  
Software Engineering ◽  
Program Development ◽  
Real World ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Logic Program ◽  
Future Challenge ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Logical Foundations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specification Synthesis

This special issue marks the tenth anniversary of the LOPSTR workshop. LOPSTR started in 1991 as a workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, but later it broadened its scope to logic-based Program Development in general.The motivating force behind LOPSTR has been a belief that declarative paradigms such as logic programming are better suited to program development tasks than traditional non-declarative ones such as the imperative paradigm. Specification, synthesis, transformation or specialisation, analysis, verification and debugging can all be given logical foundations, thus providing a unifying framework for the whole development process.In the past ten years or so, such a theoretical framework has indeed begun to emerge. Even tools have been implemented for analysis, verification and specialisation. However, it is fair to say that so far the focus has largely been on programming-in-the-small. So the future challenge is to apply or extend these techniques to programming-in-the-large, in order to tackle software engineering in the real world.

scholarly journals Gender-specific physical activity-related injuries and risk factors among university students in China: a multicentre population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e040865
Author(s):  
Weicong Cai ◽  
Shangmin Chen ◽  
Liping Li ◽  
Pengying Yue ◽  
Xiaofan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
University Students ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Gender Specific

ObjectivesData on the problem of physical activity-related injury (PARI) in university students and the risk factors for PARI among different genders are rare. We conducted a multicentre population-based study to investigate the occurrence of PARI and to explore the gender-specific risk factors for PARI among Chinese university students.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 5341 students in grades 1–3 at eight universities in four Chinese cities were selected to complete the online questionnaires during March and April 2017. The questionnaires assessed sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity PA) involvement, sleep duration, sedentary behaviour and PARI experiences in the past 12 months.Main outcome measuresPARI during the past 12 months.ResultsAmong the 5341 participants, 1293 suffered from at least one PARI in the past 12 months, with an overall incidence rate of 24.2% (males: 26.2%, females: 23.2%) and an injury risk of 0.38 injuries/student/year (males: 0.48, females: 0.32). Over half of the injured (57.3%) experienced a withdrawal time of PA and nearly two-fifths (39.6%) required medical attention. Irrespective of gender, Shantou and Xi’an students, sports team members and those who engaged in sports and leisure-time vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) at a higher frequency were more likely to suffer from PARI. Male students who participated in sports and leisure-time VPA for long durations had a greater likelihood of sustaining PARI, while having a chronic condition and being involved in sports and leisure-time moderate-intensity PA at a higher frequency and longer duration were potential contributors to PARI among females.ConclusionsThe occurrence of PARI and its risk factors differed by gender, which provides a direction towards developing targeted and effective gender-specific preventative programmes to protect Chinese university students from PARI.

Information theory as a means of determining the main factors affecting the processors architecture

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Антон Андреевич Ракитский ◽  
Борис Яковлевич Рябко
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Further Development

В работе исследуется процесс разработки компьютеров за последние десятилетия с целью определения наиболее влияющих на него факторов. Описываются сами факторы, которые используются для предсказания направления будущих разработок. Для решения этой задачи применяется концепция Вычислительной Способности, которая позволяет оценить производительность компьютеров теоретически, опираясь исключительно на описание их архитектуры. In this article we are investigating the computers development process in the past decades in order to identify the factors that influence it the most. We describe such factors and use them to predict the direction of further development. To solve these problems, we use the concept of the Computer Capacity, which allows us to estimate the performance of computers theoretically, relying only on the description of its architecture.

Alkaloid Synthesis: Mearsine (Taylor), Cephalotaxine (Li), Cocaine (Shing), Quinine (Hatakeyama), Cleavamine (Bennasar), Strychnine(Vanderwal)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Malonic Acid ◽  
Selective Hydrogenation ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Conjugate Addition ◽  
University Of California ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Alkaloid Synthesis ◽  
The University

Richard J. K. Taylor of the University of York employed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 2024) the Jørgensen protocol to add 2 to 1, to give the enantiomerically enriched cyclohexenone 3. Condensation of 3 with aqueous ammonia led directly to (-)-mearsine 4. Wei-Dong Z. Li of Nankai University found (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 3538) that the intermediate from Dibal reduction of the lactone 5 underwent Nazarov cyclization, giving the α-hydroxy cyclopentenone 6. After acetylation, deprotection gave an amine that cyclized with high diastereocontrol, leading to (±)-cephalotaxine 7. Tony K. M. Shing of the Chinese University of Hong Kong cyclized (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2916) the aldehyde 8 by exposure to 9. The product 10 was carried on to (-)-cocaine 11, as well as several hydroxylated cocaine derivatives. Susumi Hatakeyama of Nagasaki University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 923) that exposure of the simple prochiral aldehyde 12 to catalytic proline transformed it, after reduction, into the cyclized diol 13 in high ee. The diol 13 was readily carried on to quinine 14. M.-Lluïsa Bennasar of the University of Barcelona devised (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2042) Pd-catalyzed conditions for the cyclization of 15 that selectively delivered the unstable kinetic product 18. Selective hydrogenation of the more reactive bridgehead alkene then led to cleavamine 17. The alkene 16 is also prochiral, so it is possible that a catalyst could be found that would deliver 17 in high ee. The synthesis of the heptacyclic alkaloid strychnine 23 would, in the past, have been a major undertaking. Christopher D. Vanderwal of the University of California, Irvine, prepared (Chem. Sci. 2011, 2, 649) 23 in just six linear steps. The dienyl aldehyde 18 was available in two steps from tryptophyl bromide. Exposure to t -BuOK cyclized 18 to 19. N-deallylation followed by alkylation with 20 provided 21, setting the stage for a truly spectacular Brook rearrangement/conjugate addition, to give the Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde 22. The known condensation with malonic acid completed the preparation of 23.

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