Using Argumentation Schemes for Argument Extraction

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Computational Implementation ◽  
Argument From Expert Opinion

This paper surveys the state-of-the-art of argumentation schemes used as argument extraction techniques in cognitive informatics and uses examples to show how a series of connected problems needs to be solved to move these techniques forward to computational implementation. Some of the schemes considered are argument from expert opinion, practical reasoning, argument from negative consequences, fear appeal arguments, argument from commitment, argument from inconsistent commitments, and the circumstantial ad hominem argument. The paper shows how schemes need to be formed into clusters of sub-schemes work toward a classification system of schemes from the bottom up, and how identification conditions for each scheme can be helpful for argument extraction.

scholarly journals Justification of Argumentation Schemes

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Defeasible Argumentation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
Argument From Expert Opinion ◽  
Pragmatic Justification

Argumentation schemes are forms of argument that capture stereotypical patterns of human reasoning, especially defeasible ones like argument from expert opinion, that have proved troublesome to view deductively or inductively. Much practical work has already been done on argumentation schemes, proving their worth in A1 [19], but more precise investigations are needed to formalize their structures. The problem posed in this paper is what form justification of a given scheme, as having a certain precise structure of inference, should take. It is argued that defeasible argumentation schemes require both a systematic and a pragmatic justification, of a kind that can only be provided by the case study method of collecting key examples of arguments of the types traditionally classified as fallacies, and subjecting them to comparative examination and analysis. By this method, postulated structures for schemes can be formulated as hypotheses to solve three kinds of problems: (1) how to classify such arguments into different types, (2) how to identify their premises and conclusions, and (3) how to formulate the critical questions used to evaluate each type of argument.

scholarly journals Overview of Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods to Analysis Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Waters Matrices

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Cristina M. M. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Impact

In the environment, pharmaceutical residues are a field of particular interest due to the adverse effects to either human health or aquatic and soil environment. Because of the diversity of these compounds, at least 3000 substances were identified and categorized into 49 different therapeutic classes, and several actions are urgently required at multiple steps, the main ones: (i) occurrence studies of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the water cycle; (ii) the analysis of the potential impact of their introduction into the aquatic environment; (iii) the removal/degradation of the pharmaceutical compounds; and, (iv) the development of more sensible and selective analytical methods to their monitorization. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art sample preparation methods and chromatographic analysis applied to the study of PhACs in water matrices by pinpointing their advantages and drawbacks. Because it is almost impossible to be comprehensive in all PhACs, instruments, extraction techniques, and applications, this overview focuses on works that were published in the last ten years, mainly those applicable to water matrices.

scholarly journals Fear vs humor appeals: a comparative study of children's responses to anti-smoking advertisements

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Nicolini ◽  
Fabio Cassia
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Lifestyle Habits ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study aims to examine the different effects that the fear and humor appeals in anti-smoking advertisements for children have on their affective reactions to the advertisements, on their beliefs about smoking and on their behavioral intentions to smoke.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the findings of a qualitative research study conducted in Italy with children aged from 8 to 11 years.FindingsThe results indicated that the humor appeal is a useful method for conveying a social theme in a pleasant way and creating a likable character that becomes an example for children to imitate; however, it is necessary to employ the fear appeal to make children reflect carefully about the negative consequences of smoking.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examined only children's behavioral intentions derived from anti-smoking advertisements, but future research should also examine their real behaviors after a period following repeated viewing of public service announcements about smoking prevention or other social issues.Practical implicationsUnderstanding how different types of appeals can influence children represents an important result for the prevention of youth smoking and the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits during childhood.Social implicationsUnderstanding how different types of appeals can influence children represents an important result for the prevention of youth smoking and the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits during childhood.Originality/valueFew studies have examined the impact of social advertisements on children, and particularly little is known about the effectiveness of fear appeals on this group.

Automatic Keyword Extraction From Text Documents

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-91
Author(s):  
Furkan Goz ◽  
Alev Mutlu
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Online News ◽  
Evaluation Metrics ◽  
Keyword Extraction ◽  
Feature Engineering ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Text Documents ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Benchmark Datasets

Keyword indexing is the problem of assigning keywords to text documents. It is an important task as keywords play crucial roles in several information retrieval tasks. The problem is also challenging as the number of text documents is increasing, and such documents come in different forms (i.e., scientific papers, online news articles, and microblog posts). This chapter provides an overview of keyword indexing and elaborates on keyword extraction techniques. The authors provide the general motivations behind the supervised and the unsupervised keyword extraction and enumerate several pioneering and state-of-the-art techniques. Feature engineering, evaluation metrics, and benchmark datasets used to evaluate the performance of keyword extraction systems are also discussed.

scholarly journals Latin American Thyroid Society recommendations for the management of thyroid nodules

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalinda Camargo ◽  
Sandro Corigliano ◽  
Celso Friguglietti ◽  
Alicia Gauna ◽  
Rubén Harach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Group Meeting ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Latin American Countries

Several guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and cancer have recently been published. However, recommended practices are not always appropriate to different settings or countries. The aim of this consensus was to develop Clinical Guidelines for evaluation and management of patients with thyroid nodules applicable to Latin American countries. The panel was composed by 13 members of the Latin American Thyroid Society involved with research and management of thyroid nodules and cancer from different medical centers in Latin America. The consensus was produced based on the expert opinion of the panel with use of principles of evidence-based medicine. Following a group meeting, a first draft based on the expert opinion of the panel was elaborated and later circulated among panel members for further revision. After revision, this document was submitted to all LATS members for commentaries and considerations and finally revised and refined by the authors. The final recommendations represent state of the art on management of thyroid nodules applied to all Latin American countries.

scholarly journals Zero-Shot Learning for Cross-Lingual News Sentiment Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5993
Author(s):  
Andraž Pelicon ◽  
Marko Pranjić ◽  
Dragana Miljković ◽  
Blaž Škrlj ◽  
Senja Pollak
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Sentiment Classification ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Analysis Task ◽  
Negative News ◽  
Cross Lingual ◽  
News Sentiment

In this paper, we address the task of zero-shot cross-lingual news sentiment classification. Given the annotated dataset of positive, neutral, and negative news in Slovene, the aim is to develop a news classification system that assigns the sentiment category not only to Slovene news, but to news in another language without any training data required. Our system is based on the multilingual BERTmodel, while we test different approaches for handling long documents and propose a novel technique for sentiment enrichment of the BERT model as an intermediate training step. With the proposed approach, we achieve state-of-the-art performance on the sentiment analysis task on Slovenian news. We evaluate the zero-shot cross-lingual capabilities of our system on a novel news sentiment test set in Croatian. The results show that the cross-lingual approach also largely outperforms the majority classifier, as well as all settings without sentiment enrichment in pre-training.

scholarly journals EIGR – knowledge base as a tool facilitating the management of groundwater resources in Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Barbara Tomaszewska ◽  
Marta Dendys ◽  
Krzysztof Galos
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Classification System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Knowledge Resources ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Knowledge Repository ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Classification

Abstract The KINDRA project is being implemented within the framework of the Horizon 2020 programme. Its main purpose is to carry out an EU-wide assessment of existing practical and scientific knowledge related to groundwater on the basis of an innovative classification system - the Hydrogeological Research Classification System (HRC-SYS). This assessment will be based on the knowledge repository, the European Inventory of Groundwater Research (EIGR). The EIGR database is also intended as a functional tool that will provide knowledge resources to be used by individuals and representatives of all institutions whose activities involve groundwater and water management. The purpose of this article is to outline the main assumptions underlying the KINDRA project and to present the methodology for creating the EIGR database, placing particular emphasis on the experience of experts who represent Poland. The materials and information they prepared as contributions to the EIGR have made it possible to review and evaluate the current state of the art as well as the publications resulting from the water management activities undertaken in Poland.

scholarly journals Automated Subject Analysis of Short Phrase by the Method of Comparison with the Bibliographic Records in E-Catalog

2015 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu. Kalatchikhin
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Subject Classification ◽  
New Method ◽  
Automated Classification ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Subject Analysis ◽  
Successful Method ◽  
Bibliographic Records

There is proposed the new method of automated subject classification in a full-sized natural rubricator, that can be applied to ultra short texts. The method is based on the use of the adopted classification decisions, borrowed from bibliographic records. The solutions found are specified by the information received from the classification system, and generalized by different ways. There are considered four options for obtaining classification decision, which differ by the number of failures and the proportion of incorrect results. There is demonstrated successful method for subject analysis of titles of works by LBC divisions. There are considered the problems of bibliographic catalogue and classification system, reducing the result. There are presented possible negative consequences of using automated classification for the quality of bibliographic catalog.

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