Reusability of the Deep Eutectic Solvent - Novozym 435® Enzymes System in Transesterification from Degumming Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Renita Manurung ◽  
Alwi Gery Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Novozym 435 ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Good Potential

In this study, deep eutectic solvent (DES) used as co solvent for enzymatic biodiesel production from degumming palm oil (DPO). DES is formed from the salt compound choline-chloride (ChCI) with glycerol at 1:2 molar ratio. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the DES was tested by enzymatic reactions using novozym 435® for the production of palm biodiesel with raw materials DPO. The use of enzymes with the DES system can maintain the activity and stability of the novozyme enzyme measured by the yield produced until the 10th usage produces biodiesel yield > 99% with a concentration of DES 0.5% with a molar ratio of 0.5% water. Spectra of DES ChCI:glycerol and ChCI:glycerol:water characterized by FTIR, morphological structure novozym by characterized SEM and then biodiesel product analyzed by GC-MS. This shows that the ChCI:glycerol:water system in enzymatic biodiesel production has good potential to maintain enzyme activity and stability.

scholarly journals Deep Eutectic Solvents Based Choline Chloride for Enzymatic Biodiesel Production from Degumming Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Manurung ◽  
Taslim ◽  
A.G.A. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Palm Oil Biodiesel

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have numerous potential applications as cosolvents. In this study, use of DES as organic solvents for enzymatic biodiesel production from degumming palm oil (DPO) was investigated. Deep eutectic solvent was synthesized using choline chloride salt (ChCl) compounds with glycerol and 1,2-propanediol. Deep eutectic solvent was characterized by viscosity, density, pH and freezing values, which were tested for effectiveness by enzymatic reactions for the production of palm biodiesel with raw materials DPO. Deep eutectic solvent of ChCl and glycerol produced the highest biodiesel yield (98.98%); weight of DES was only 0.5 % of that of the oil. In addition, the use of DES maintained the activity and stability of novozym enzymes, which was assessed as the yield until the 6th usage, which was 95.07 % biodiesel yield compared with the yield without using DES. Hence, using DES, glycerol in enzymatic biodiesel production had high potentiality as an organic solvent for palm oil biodiesel production

scholarly journals Effect of Extraction Time on Unreacted Oil Removal in Biodiesel Purification Using Deep Eutectic Solvent

REAKTOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Helda Niawanti ◽  
Siti Zullaikah
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Oil Purification

Rice bran oil (RBO) based biodiesel contains unreacted oil such as monoglyceride (MG), diglyceride (DG) and triglyceride (TG) to be purified. The liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was used for purification using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES). The objective of this work was to study the effect of extraction time on unreacted oil removal. RBO containing 16.49% oil with free fatty acids (FFA) content of 44.75%. Acid catalyzed methanolysis was used for biodiesel production under operating conditions: T = 60°C, t = 8 hours, molar ratio of oil/methanol  was 1/10, H2SO4 1% w/w of RBO. Crude biodiesel containing 89.05% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 0.05% FFA, TG 4.03%, DG 4.01%  and MG 0.30%. DES was made from choline chloride and ethylene glycol with 1/2 molar ratio, while molar ratio of biodiesel/DES was 1/2. The extraction time was varied from 15 to 240 minutes at 30°C. The highest TG, DG and MG removal were obtained at 240 minutes, they were 3.01%, 0.22% and 0.03%, respectively. FAME and FFA content were 96.55% and 0.03%. Keywords: biodiesel; DES; extraction; unreacted oil; purification

scholarly journals Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Matea Bačić ◽  
Anabela Ljubić ◽  
Martin Gojun ◽  
Anita Šalić ◽  
Ana Jurinjak Tušek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Free Glycerol ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Glycerol Content

In this research, optimization of the integrated biodiesel production process composed of transesterification of edible sunflower oil, catalyzed by commercial lipase, with simultaneous extraction of glycerol from the reaction mixture was performed. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used in this integrated process as the reaction and extraction media. For two systems, choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:Gly) and choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), respectively, the optimal water content, mass ratio of the phase containing the mixture of reactants (oil and methanol) with an enzyme and a DES phase (mass ratio of phases), and the molar ratio of deep eutectic solvent constituents were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments performed with ChCl:Gly resulted in a higher biodiesel yield and higher glycerol extraction efficiency, namely, a mass ratio of phases of 1:1, a mass fraction of water of 6.6%, and a molar ratio of the ChCl:Gly of 1:3.5 were determined to be the optimal process conditions. When the reaction was performed in a batch reactor under the optimal conditions, the process resulted in a 43.54 ± 0.2% yield and 99.54 ± 0.19% glycerol extraction efficiency (t = 2 h). Unfortunately, the free glycerol content was higher than the one defined by international standards (wG > 0.02%); therefore, the process was performed in a microsystem to enhance the mass transfer. Gaining the same yield and free glycerol content below the standards (wG = 0.0019 ± 0.003%), the microsystem proved to be a good direction for future process optimization.

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

Application of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a Reaction Media for the Esterification of Acrylic Acid with n-Butanol

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Sert
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Reaction Media

Abstract Within the framework of green chemistry, catalysts should be met different criteria such as biodegradability, recyclability, flammability, non-toxicity and low price. Acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) have been synthesized for this purpose, by mixing para-toluene sulfonic acid and choline chloride. The catalytic activity of DES was studied in the esterification of acrylic acid with n-butanol. The usage of DES as catalyst is simple, safe and cheap. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, n-butanol/acrylic acid molar ratio on the conversion of acrylic acid were performed. The batch reactor experiments were carried out at temperatures of 338, 348, 358 and 368 K, molar ratio of butanol to acrylic acid of 1, 2,3 and catalyst loading of 10, 15, 20 and 90 g/L. 90.2% of acrylic acid conversion was achieved at a temperature of 358 K and catalyst loading of 20 g/L. Reusability of DES was investigated. Reusability and catalytic activity makes DES efficient as catalyst.

scholarly journals Performance of novel dielectric barrier discharge reactor for biodiesel production from palm oil and ethanol

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Dafinah Ramadhani ◽  
Saphira Nurina Fakhri ◽  
Setijo Bismo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Dbd Plasma ◽  
Spiral Coil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The disadvantages of conventional biodiesel synthesis trigger the birth of new biodiesel synthesis methods using the DBD plasma reactor. The conventional methods with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have significant constraints that the formation of glycerol compounds in large enough quantities that require considerable energy. The aim of present experiment is to design DBD non-thermal plasma reactor coaxial pipe type and to do its performance test in converting biodiesel The feed stock used are palm oil, ethanol, and argon gas as plasma carrier. Such a chemical reactor, this plasma reactor is also influenced by reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic factors. From this research, it can be seen that the optimum feed and gas flowrate being operated is 1.64 and 41.67 mL/s. The plasma reactor is used in the form of a quartz glass tube surrounded by a SS-314 spiral coil as an outer electrode. The applied operating conditions are 1 : 1 molar ratio of methanol/oil, ambient temperature of 28 - 30 °C, and pressure 1 bar. From this performance test, it is found that this plasma reactor can be used to synthesize biodiesel from palm oil and methanol without catalyst, no formation of soap, and minimal byproducts.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Alternative Biodiesel Production Apparatus Based on Household Food Blender for Continuous Biodiesel Production for Small Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijittra Wongjaikham ◽  
Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽  
Vareeporn Ratnitsai ◽  
Manita Kamjam ◽  
Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Volume ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Production Apparatus

Abstract Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are sustainable biofuel that can alleviate high oil cost and environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuel. A modified 1,200 W high efficiency fruit blender was employed for continuous transesterification of various refined vegetable oils and waste cooking oil (WCO) using sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. The following factors have been investigated on their effects on FAME yield: baffles, reaction volume, total reactant flow rate, methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Results indicated that the optimal conditions were: 2,000 mL reaction volume, 50 mL/min total flow rate, 1% and 1.25% catalyst concentration for refined palm oil and WCO, respectively, 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 62 - 63oC, obtaining yield efficiency over 96.5% FAME yield of 21.14 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for palm oil) and 19.39 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for WCO). All the properties of produced FAMEs meet the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The modified household fruit blender could be a practical and low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus for continuous biodiesel production for small communities in remote areas.

scholarly journals Box-Behnken Design for Optimization on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil and Methyl Acetate using Ultrasound Assisted Interesterification Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ansori Ansori
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Box Behnken Design

Energy demand is currently increasing in line with technological and economic developments, but not accompanied by an increase in energy reserves. So we need another alternative energy that can be renewed, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel has been produced commercially through the transesterification from vegetable oil with methanol using catalyst that produces esters and glycerol. The formation of glycerol which is by-product can reduce its economic value, so it needs to be done the separation process. Therefore, a new route is proposed in this study, namely the interesterification reaction (non-alcoholic route) using methyl acetate as an alkyl group supplier and potassium methoxide catalyst. The superiority of the product produced by the interesterification reaction is biodiesel with triacetin byproducts which have an economical value and can be added to biodiesel formulations because of their solubility so that no side product separation process is needed. To increase the yield of biodiesel and the interesterification rate, the ultrasound method was used in this study. To optimize the factors that affect the interesterification reaction (molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil, catalyst concentration, temperature, and interesterification time), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) is used. Optimal operating conditions to produce the yields of biodiesel of 98.64 % are at molar ratio of methyl acetate to palm oil of 18.74, catalyst concentration of 1.24 %, temperature of 57.84 °C, and interesterification time of 12.69 minutes.

scholarly journals Pre-Treatment of Waste Frying Oils for Biodiesel Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyoman Puspa Asri ◽  
Diah Agustina Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Price ◽  
Composite Catalyst ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Waste Frying Oils ◽  
Pre Treatment

Synthesis of biodiesel is a strategic step in overcoming energy scarcity and the environmental degradationcaused by the continuous use of the petroleum based energy. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine isproduced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The main obstacle in the biodieselproduction is the high price of the raw materials, resulting in the price of biodiesel is not competitive comparedto the petroleum diesel. Therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFO) is one way to reduce the cost of biodieselproduction, because of its availability and low price. In the present work, WFO from California Fried chicken(CFC) restaurants in Surabaya were used as feed stock for the biodiesel production. The experiments wereconducted using three steps of processes: pre-treatment of WFO, preparation of alumina based compositecatalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 and transesterification of treated WFO. WFO was treated by several types and variousamounts of activated adsobents. The treated WFO was transesterified in three neck glass batch reactor withrefluxed methanol using CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3. The results reveal that the best method for treating WFO is using 7.5%(wt. % to WFO) of coconut coir. Alumina based composite catalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 was very promising fortransesterification of WFO into biodiesel. The yield of biodiesel was 83% and obtained at 65ºC, 5 h of reactiontime, 1:18 of molar ratio WFO to methanol and 6% amount of catalyst.

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