Spartina alterniflora: Potential Bio-Energy Source for Biofuel Production in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Rui Li Li ◽  
Guo Yu Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
And Function

Spartina alternifloracan be widely used for fodder, sewage treatment and as a substantial source of bioactive material. As an invader, it strongly disturbs the structure and function of native ecosystem in China. However, it is also a promising bio-energy source. We analyzed the potential ofS. alternifloraas a bio-energy source, including the superiority at both temporal and spatial scales, advantages in high photosynthetic efficiency and high productivity. Meanwhile, its exploitation for biofuel production was introduced.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Community Structure and Function of Bacterioplankton and the Environmental Response in Qingcaosha Reservoir

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3155
Author(s):  
Shumin Liu ◽  
Fengbin Zhao ◽  
Xin Fang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
And Function

Phytoplankton and bacterioplankton play a vital role in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems, and their activity is closely linked to water eutrophication. However, few researchers have considered the temporal and spatial succession of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, and their responses to environmental factors. The temporal and spatial succession of bacterioplankton and their ecological interaction with phytoplankton and water quality were analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing for their identification, and the functions of bacterioplankton were predicted. The results showed that the dominant classes of bacterioplankton in the Qingcaosha Reservoir were Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Actinomycetes, Acidimicrobiia, and Cyanobacteria. In addition, the Shannon diversity indexes were compared, and the results showed significant temporal differences based on monthly averaged value, although no significant spatial difference. The community structure was found to be mainly influenced by phytoplankton density and biomass, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity. The presence of Pseudomonas and Legionella was positively correlated with that of Pseudanabaena sp., and Sphingomonas and Paragonimus with Melosira granulata. On the contrary, the presence of Planctomycetes was negatively correlated with Melosira granulata, as was Deinococcus-Thermus with Cyclotella sp. The relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria decreased from April to December, while the abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the ecological interactions between bacteria, algae, and water quality in reservoir ecosystems.

scholarly journals Using Tertiary Sulci to Map the “Cognitive Globe” of Prefrontal Cortex

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Miller ◽  
Mark D'Esposito ◽  
Kevin S. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
And Function

Stuss considered the human prefrontal cortex (pFC) as a “cognitive globe” [Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3–28, 1984] on which functions of the frontal lobe could be mapped. Here, we discuss classic and recent findings regarding the evolution, development, function, and cognitive role of shallow indentations or tertiary sulci in pFC, with the goal of using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of pFC. First, we discuss lateral pFC (LPFC) tertiary sulci in classical anatomy and modern neuroimaging, as well as their development, with a focus on those within the middle frontal gyrus. Second, we discuss tertiary sulci in comparative neuroanatomy, focusing on primates. Third, we summarize recent findings showing the utility of tertiary sulci for understanding structural–functional relationships with functional network insights in ventromedial pFC and LPFC. Fourth, we revisit and update unresolved theoretical perspectives considered by C. Vogt and O. Vogt (Allgemeinere ergebnisse unserer hirnforschung. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, 25, 279–462, 1919) and F. Sanides (Structure and function of the human frontal lobe. Neuropsychologia, 2, 209–219, 1964) that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks for cortical gradients. Together, the consideration of these classic and recent findings indicate that tertiary sulci are situated in a unique position within the complexity of the “cognitive globe” of pFC: They are the smallest and shallowest of sulci in pFC, yet can offer insights that bridge spatial scales (microns to networks), modalities (functional connectivity to behavior), and species. As such, the map of tertiary sulci within each individual participant serves as a coordinate system specific to that individual on which functions may be further mapped. We conclude with new theoretical and methodological questions that, if answered in future research, will likely lead to mechanistic insight regarding the structure and function of human LPFC.

scholarly journals New methods of spatial analysis in urban gardens inform future vegetation surveying

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-778
Author(s):  
Monika H. Egerer ◽  
Benjamin Wagner ◽  
Brenda B. Lin ◽  
Dave Kendal ◽  
Kai Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
And Function

Abstract Context Land use change requires measuring shifting patterns in biodiversity at various spatial scales to inform landscape management. Assessing vegetation change at different scales is challenging in urban ecosystems managed by many individuals. Thus, we do not know much about the structure and function of green spaces that support biodiversity. Objective We aim to understand how vegetation structure and function indicators in urban community gardens vary with spatial scale, applying new and traditional methods in landscape ecology to inform future research and application. Methods We performed two methods to assess garden vegetation structure (height) and function (species diversity, cover) at the garden- and garden plot scale. First, we used traditional field sampling to estimate garden vegetation at the garden scale (1 m2 quadrats along transects) and at the plot scale (estimated within entire plot) to measure height, diversity and cover. Second, we used UAV aerial imagery to derive measures of garden and plot vegetation using canopy height models (CHMs). We evaluated differences in CHMs at each scale across the gardens, and compared field and UAV-derived measures. Results Garden vegetation characteristics vary with spatial scale. Plant species richness and vegetation cover, but not height, related to UAV-derived imagery. Conclusions New technologies paired with traditional field methods can together inform how vegetation structure and function vary with spatial scale in urban landscapes. Spatial scale is key to accurate and meaningful urban vegetation analyses. New and traditional methods in urban ecology research should develop together to improve and streamline their future application.

Environmental and successional relationships of the forest communities of the Porcupine River drainage, interior Alaska

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yarie
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Vegetative Structure ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
And Function

The structure and function of taiga ecosystems over a 3 600 000 ha area of northeastern interior Alaska was shown to be consistent with a hypothesis relating vegetative structure and dynamics to site nutrient status and soil temperature. Ordination of modal community descriptions and correlation of the ordination values with environmental parameters indicated that controls of vegetative structure and function found for the Fairbanks area, where the hypothesis was developed, can be applied to the interior Alaska taiga. High productivity sites were associated with warmer soil temperatures, smaller accumulation of soil organic layers, and lower C:N ratios. Lower productivity sites were associated with the opposite trends. Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) generally dominated the less productive sites, while white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) and hardwoods occupied the more productive sites. The successional trends described for other areas of interior Alaska appear to be valid for this remote study area.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Impact of Human Cadaver Decomposition on Soil Bacterial and Arthropod Community Structure and Function

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baneshwar Singh ◽  
Kevan J. Minick ◽  
Michael S. Strickland ◽  
Kyle G. Wickings ◽  
Tawni L. Crippen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Arthropod Community ◽  
Human Cadaver ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Cytoskeletal assembly in axonal outgrowth and regeneration analyzed on the nanoscale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Hofmann ◽  
Lucas Biller ◽  
Uwe Michel ◽  
Mathias Bähr ◽  
Jan Christoph Koch
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Structure ◽  
Growth Cone ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Stimulated Emission ◽  
Axonal Outgrowth ◽  
Rat Cortical Neurons ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
And Function ◽  
Microfluidic Chambers

The axonal cytoskeleton is organized in a highly periodic structure, the membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), which is essential to maintain the structure and function of the axon. Here, we use stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) of primary rat cortical neurons in microfluidic chambers to analyze the temporal and spatial sequence of MPS formation at the distal end of growing axons and during regeneration after axotomy. We demonstrate that the MPS does not extend continuously into the growing axon but develops from patches of periodic β-spectrin II arrangements that grow and coalesce into a continuous scaffold. We estimate that the underlying sequence of nucleation, elongation, and subsequent coalescence of periodic β-spectrin II patches takes around 15 hours. Strikingly, we find that development of the MPS occurs faster in regenerating axons after axotomy and note marked differences in the morphology of the growth cone and adjacent axonal regions between regenerating and unlesioned axons. Moreover, we find that inhibition of the spectrin-cleaving enzyme calpain accelerates MPS formation in regenerating axons and increases the number of regenerating axons after axotomy. Taken together, we provide here a detailed nanoscale analysis of MPS development in growing axons.

scholarly journals Biotransport in Optical Diagnostics, Imaging, and Therapy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasan Venugopalan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Optical Contrast ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Optical Diagnostic ◽  
And Function ◽  
Invasive Measurement

Non-invasive characterization and manipulation of tissue structure and function across spatial scales is one of the most challenging problems facing the use of optical techniques in biomedicine. A broad technical goal for the use of optical methods is the non-invasive measurement and/or manipulation of tissue structure and function on the microscopic scale while preserving the ability to interrogate the largest possible tissue volume. This overall goal has resulted in a plethora of optical diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic methodologies that utilize specific light-tissue interactions and exploit various endogenous and/or exogenous optical contrast elements.

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