Synthesis of 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol Monoisobutyrate

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Xiang Jing Zhang ◽  
Peng Tao Wu ◽  
Zi Chao Jiang ◽  
Ting Ting Liu ◽  
Xiao Yang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Sodium Ethoxide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Paint Industry ◽  
Green Additive

2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (CS-12) is a non-water-soluble diol ester and an emerging green additive, widely used in paint industry. It can be synthesized by isobutyraldehyde with alkali as catalyst. In this article, several catalysts were studied for the synthesis of CS-12, for example, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, the mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, the solution of sodium methoxide and methanol, and sodium ethoxide. Sodium hydroxide was finally selected as the optimal catalyst for the reaction. The effect of the amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time on the reaction were investigated by orthogonal experiments. The final optimal conditions are as follows: the catalyst dosage is 2 %, the reaction temperature is 50 °C, the reaction time is 4h. Under these conditions, the conversion of isobutyraldehyde is 93.10%, the selectivity of target product is 92.98%.

scholarly journals Catalytic Degradation of Chitosan by Supported Heteropoly Acids in Heterogeneous Systems

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Hang Zhang ◽  
Zhipeng Ma ◽  
Yunpeng Min ◽  
Huiru Wang ◽  
Ru Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
High Molecular Weight Chitosan

Several kinds of composite materials with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as the catalyst were prepared with activated carbon as support, and their structures were characterized. According to the Box–Behnken central combination principle, the mathematical model of the heterogeneous system is established. Based on the single-factor experiments, the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the amount of hydrogen peroxide and the loading capacity of PTA were selected as the influencing factors to study the catalyzed oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and degradation of high molecular weight chitosan. The results of IR showed that the catalyst had a Keggin structure. The results of the mercury intrusion test showed that the pore structure of the supported PTA catalyst did not change significantly, and with the increase of PTA loading, the porosity and pore volume decreased regularly, which indicated that PTA molecules had been absorbed and filled into the pore of activated carbon. The results of Response Surface Design (RSD) showed that the optimum reaction conditions of supported PTA catalysts for oxidative degradation of high molecular weight chitosan by hydrogen peroxide were as follows: reaction temperature was 70 ℃, reaction time was 3.0 h, the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to chitosan was 2.4 and the catalyst loading was 30%. Under these conditions, the yield and molecular weight of water-soluble chitosan were 62.8% and 1290 Da, respectively. The supported PTA catalyst maintained high catalytic activity after three reuses, which indicated that the supported PTA catalyst had excellent catalytic activity and stable performance compared with the PTA catalyst.

Resource recovery of waste incineration fly ash: Synthesis of tobermorite as ion exchanger

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 4437-4442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhidong Yao ◽  
Chikashi Tamura ◽  
Motohide Matsuda ◽  
Michihiro Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Waste Incineration Fly Ash

Tobermorite was synthesized successfully from waste incineration fly ash by hydrothermal treatment in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution. The tobermorite synthesis was examined as a function of reaction temperature, time, and NaOH concentration. The formation of tobermorite was identified in all of the fly ash treated with NaOH at 180 °C, followed by the minor generations of sodalite and cancrinite phases with increasing NaOH concentration and extending reaction time. The NaOH-treated fly ash revealed the uptake behaviors for Cs+ and NH4+, whereas the fly ash untreated with NaOH solution did not show that. The uptake amounts of resulting products were also determined: 0.40 mmol/g for Cs+ and 0.35 mmol/g for NH4+ in the fly ash treated with 2.0 M NaOH at 180 °C for 20 h.

Magnesium Recovery from Desiliconization Slag of Nickel Laterite Ores by Carbonization

2013 ◽  
Vol 813 ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Ning Mu ◽  
Shuang Zhi Shi ◽  
Yu Chun Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Nickel Laterite ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Carbonation Process ◽  
Laterite Ores ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments

This work examines the recovery of magnesium from desiliconization slag of nickel laterite ores by carbonation process. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, liquid/solid ratio and CO2 flow rate on magnesium dissolution are investigated. The optimized experimental conditions of recovering magnesium were gained by the analysis of orthogonal experiments.

Synthesis of the Hydrogel Polyurethane

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Jian Sheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Active Group ◽  
Dibutyltin Dilaurate ◽  
Polyether Polyol

The synthesis, blocking and unblocking technologic conditions of hydrogel polyurethane were researched. The results showed that it would improve the bonding strength of hydrogel polyurethane when the hydrophilic polyether polyol was mixed with lipophilic polyether polyol of 10%. And the prepolymer of water-soluble polyurethane was achieved with hydrophilic polyether polyol and lipophilic polyether polyol as the materials at a prepolymerization reaction temperature of 85°C with TDI and reaction time of 180min. Then the preferable result could be got at a choice of phenol as sealant which was used to seal the water-soluble polyurethane active group, n (-NCO):n (-OH)=1:1.2, dosage of dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst of 0.3%, unblocking in hot water.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of β-Chitosan from Squid Pens

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Huang ◽  
Jian Wei Mao ◽  
Sheng Hu ◽  
Dong Ke Zhao ◽  
Le He Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Deacetylation Degree ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Escherchia Coli ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Mic Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

β-chitosan preparation from squid pens was carried out using aqueous NaOH with the ultrasonic assistance. Single factor experiments and L9(34) orthogonal experiments were used to investigate the effect of three parameters (reaction time, concentration of NaOH and reaction temperature) on deacetylation of β-chitin. The optimal conditions for deacetylation of chitin were reaction temperature 80°C, reaction time 2 h and concentration of NaOH 50%. The optimal conditions allowed deacetylation degree of β-chitin from 71.32% to 92.91%. The β-chitosan from squid pens was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial activities of the prepared β-chitosans againstaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) andEscherchia coli(E.coli) were then determined and compared by the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). Results indicate that β-chitosans with different degrees of deacetylation (DD) possess different antibacterial activity. The growth ofS. aureuscan be easily inhibited by prepared β-chitosan thanE.coli.

Research of Preparation of SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2 and its Application on Synthesis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 906-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hou Bo Zhou ◽  
Yang Cao ◽  
Jin Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Catalyst Dosage

SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2 was prepared by coprecipitation and dipping methods, and characterized by FT-IR, BET surface area measurement and NH3-TPD, and those results demonstrate the SO42- was loaded on the catalyst and the catalyst have enough surface area and pore size. The effect of methanol oil mole ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time on the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel was investigated to find optimum reaction conditions. From the orthogonal experiments, the optimum reaction condition was shown as follows: methanol oil mole ratio is 25:1, catalyst dosage is 5% of oil, reaction temperature is 120°C, reaction time is 8h, the yield reached 96.68%.

scholarly journals Response surface methodology optimization study on corncob pretreatment: reduction of sodium hydroxide usage and enhancement in pulpzyme HC biobleaching efficiency

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
T.-K. Tang ◽  
Y.-Y. Lee ◽  
E.-T. Phuah ◽  
C.-P. Tan ◽  
S. Kanagaratnam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Alkaline Pretreatment ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
Optimization Study ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Lignocellulosic rich corncob biomass possesses less complex structure, lignin and pigment content. As compared to wood pulp, it is considered to be a better alternative for the production of cellulose fibre. The present study was conducted to optimize both the alkaline (using sodium hydroxide) and biobleaching (using Pulpzyme HC) pretreatment process of corncob to promote lignin removal and cellulose swelling. It was the aim of this work to achieve mild processing conditions for corncob pretreatment in order to minimize the chemical usage. Results demonstrated that the mild pretreatment approach employed was found to successfully increase cellulose swelling and lignin removal from the corncob biomass. In alkaline pretreatment process, reaction temperature showed to be the most prominent effect in enhancing lignin removal and cellulose swelling as compared to sodium hydroxide concentration and reaction time. RSM optimized conditions for alkaline pretreatment process: 0.5 M NaOH, reaction temperature of 80°C and reaction time of 30 mins manage to increase the sedimentation index (indicate swelling of cellulose) from 0 to 30 and reduce the kappa number (represent lignin removal) from 82 to 32, respectively. Meanwhile, for biobleaching pretreatment using Pulpzyme HC, reaction time play a more significant role than the Pulpzyme HC concentration in promoting lignin removal and increasing cellulose swelling. RSM optimized conditions showed that the kappa number was reduced from 32 to 18 whereas the sedimentation index increased from 30 to 60 when the alkaline pretreated corncob was biobleached with Pulpzyme HC.

Preparation of Sodium Diacetate

2014 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
Jian Wei Zhang ◽  
Ji Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Optimum Synthesis ◽  
Sodium Diacetate

The sodium diacetate using acetic acid and sodium hydroxide as materials was prepared in which one-step liquid-phase method and microwave method were adopted in the paper. By single factor experiment, the regularities of the influence of various factors including reaction temperature, reaction time and acetic acid-sodium hydroxide ratio on the yield of sodium diacetate were studied. Through the orthogonal experiment the optimum synthesis conditions of sodium diacetate were confirmed that the reaction temperature was 70°C, the reaction time was 60min and the acetic acid-sodium hydroxide ratio was 2.1:1. The product yield was 96.2% under the optimal reaction conditions.

Research on Polymerization Processes of Cationic Polyacrylate Emulsion and its Optimization

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 1190-1194
Author(s):  
Quan Xiao Liu ◽  
Yu Bin Lv ◽  
Jin Li Li ◽  
Wen Cai Xu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Drop Time ◽  
Single Factor Experiment ◽  
Emulsification Process

Cationic polyacrylate emulsion was prepared in lab by semi-continuous seed pre-emulsification process. After the single factor experiments, the orthogonal experiments were made to get the optimal polymerization processes. Through the single factor experiment and further the orthogonal experiment optimization, it shows that the sequence of the effect of these factors on the viscosity of emulsion is drop time > reaction time > reaction temperature. The sequence of the effect of these factors on the solid content of emulsion is drop time > reaction time > reaction temperature. The sequence of the effect of these factors on the conversion rate of emulsion is drop time > reaction time > reaction temperature. The obtained best polymerization processes are the drop time is 1.5h, the reaction time is 5h, the reaction temperature is 85 °C. Under the best polymerization processes, the properties of the emulsion are the solid content is 35.40%, the conversion rate is 96.33%, the viscosity is 456.67mPa.s, the particle size is 490.20nm, the Zeta potential is 30.50 mV and pH is 2.50.

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