Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Scale Zinc Hydroxystannate

2011 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 369-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Yang ◽  
Hong Tao Cui ◽  
Hua Wei Chen ◽  
Qiong Dang
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Pure Product ◽  
Sodium Stannate ◽  
Zinc Hydroxystannate ◽  
Tin Tetrachloride

Zinc hydroxystannate was widely used as green flame retardant and smoke suppression agent. In this paper, two different methods were used to prepare the nano-scale zinc hydroxystannate particles. The reaction of tin tetrachloride and zinc oxide was the first way. In the second method, zinc chloride reacted with sodium stannate. The reaction conditions were studied, and the products were characterized by TG/DTA, SEM, and XRD. The best experiment conditions to synthesis zinc hydroxystannate are using sodium stannate and zinc chloride as the raw material, reacting for an half hour at the temperature of 323K, and molar ratio of reactants of 1:1. This will get higher yield, more pure product with regular morphology.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Hydroxystannate Coated by Aluminum Phosphate and Its Application in Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Eun Song ◽  
Ji Su Kim ◽  
Daeyoung Lim ◽  
Wonyoung Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Aluminum Phosphate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Vinylidene Chloride ◽  
Zinc Hydroxystannate ◽  
Poly Acrylonitrile

In this study, zinc hydroxystannate ([ZnSn(OH)6], ZHS) was coated with aluminum phosphate (AlPO4, ALP) to prepare the ZHS-ALP composite. During the coating process, the reaction conditions, such as the ALP to ZHS molar ratio, were controlled, and the morphology of the products was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared composites were introduced into poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (PANVDC), and the change in compatibility between ZHS and the polymer matrix was characterized. The results showed that ALP-ZHS (1:1), which was prepared by ALP-ZHS composite molar ratio of 1:1, could improve the dispersion and compatibility of ZHS in the polymer matrix and decrease the hydrophilicity and viscosity. Moreover, the ALP-ZHS composite had a better flame-retardant effect on PANVDC than ZHS alone. PANVDC could pass the V-0 rating in UL94, particularly the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 33.2% obtained when the ALP-ZHS (1:1) composite was added to PANVDC.

Preparation and Characterization of Cationic Cassia Tora Gum

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 526-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Ying Li ◽  
Chun Mei Niu ◽  
Hua Yu Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Cassia Tora ◽  
Dispersing Agent

Series of cationic cassia tora gum (CCTG) were synthesized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) as cationic etherifying agent, isopropanol-water solution as dispersing agent, in presence of sodium hydroxide under different reaction conditions. The optimum ratio for preparing the cationic cassia tora gum are that CHPTAC-CTG molar ratio is 0.6:1; NaOH-CHPTAC molar ratio is 1.3:1.The optimum conditions are that reaction temperature is 55°Cand reaction time is 3.5 h. The cold water solubility was improved apparently. The solution transmittance has corresponding relationship with the nitrogen content (N%) in the certain range, and the maximum transmittance is up to 87.2%. N% increased with the increase of reaction time and stable N% can be obtained in shorter reaction time at higher reaction temperature. The products were characterized by 13C-NMR. The heat resistance of CTG and CCTG were analyzed.

Synthesis and Characterization of Rosinyl Amine Salt Surfactant

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 1888-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Jin ◽  
Shuang Yue Li ◽  
Shu Jun Li ◽  
Li Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Critical Micellar Concentration ◽  
Amine Salt ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Rosin is reputed as green petroleum because it is renewable, not expensive, and environmental friendly. China is rich in rosin resources. In this report, rosin was used as raw material to prepare rosinyl amine salt (RAS) surfactant. The optimal reaction conditions of RAS was modified rosin and dimethylamine mole ratio of 1:2, reaction temperature of 78 oC and reaction time of 2 h. The chemical structure of the product was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. As a surfactant, it has a critical micellar concentration (CMC) of 7.07×10-5mol/L, a surface tension of 44.36 mN/m, an emulsification activity of 5min, a height of foam of 165 mm, and a foam stability of 143 mm.

Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphoric Silica Catalyst from Bamboo Leaves for Production of Triacetin

2022 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Renita Manurung ◽  
Muhammad Dedi Anggreawan ◽  
Alwi Gery Agustan Siregar
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Catalytic Amount ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bamboo Leaves ◽  
Bamboo Leaf Ash

In this research, the bamboo leaf shows promise as an alternative raw material for silica production. This study investigated the performance of heterogeneous catalyst prepared from silica derived bamboo leaf ash after that impregnated with phosphoric acid at ratio various. The catalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner and Halenda (BJH) method and triacetin product analyzed by GC-MS. The optimum condition phosphoric silica catalyst was obtained at phosphoric silica molar ratio of 1:2 and employed in the acetylation of glycerol, respectively. As result, 24 % selectivity for triacetin was obtained in the presence of catalytic amount 5%, molar ratio 1:9 at 100 °C for 4 hours. Bamboo leaf derived phosphoric silica calcined showed high potential to be used as an easy to prepare and high-performance solid catalyst for industrial scale.

Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese Phosphate Aluminosilicate Molecular Sieve

2014 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 264-266
Author(s):  
Wu Kui Luo ◽  
Shao Ming Ying ◽  
Mei Zhen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Manganese Acetate ◽  
Crystallization Time ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Manganese Phosphate ◽  
Crystallization Conditions

Using conventional hydrothermal synthesis method, n-butylamine as an organic templating agent (C4H11N), phosphoric acid, tetraethyl orthosilicate, aluminum hydroxide, and manganese acetate as starting material, by adjusting the amount of the crystallization conditions and reactants pH, phosphate synthesized manganese-containing aluminosilicate zeolite. The molar ratio between the raw material is n (P): n (Si): n (Al): n (Mn): n (H2O): n (C4H11N) = (1.8 ~ 2.2): (0.15 ~ 0.2): (0.8 ~ 0.9): (0.6 ~ 0.8): (2.4 ~ 4.5): (1.1 ~ 1.4), pH in the range of 5.30 ~ 5.50, the crystallization temperature was 150 °C ~ 170 °C, the crystallization time is 24 ~ 30 h, the curve indicated by DSC-TG, synthesized molecular sieve obtained with a more good thermal stability.

Research on Synthesis Regularity of Epoxysuccinic Acid

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 942-945
Author(s):  
Qing He Gao ◽  
Yi Can Wang ◽  
Zhi Feng Hou ◽  
Hui Juan Qian ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Synthesis System ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Sodium Hydrate

The yield of epoxysuccinic acid was obtained by determining the content of unreacted maleic anhydride and tartaric acid as a by-product in synthesis system. This method could calculate the yield of epoxysuccinic acid precisely and overcome the disadvantage of obtaining inpure product by recrystallization method. Epoxysuccinic Acid was synthesized using maleic anhydride as raw material, hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and tungstate as catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, ratio of materials, dosage of oxidizer and catalyst on epoxidation and hydrolysis reaction was investigated. The results showed that the yield of epoxysuccinic acid was 88% when the reaction conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 65°C, reaction time 1.5h, catalyst dosage 3%(based on mass of maleic anhydride), molar ratio of sodium hydrate to maleic anhydride 2:1, mass ratio of hydrogen peroxide to maleic anhydride 1:1.

scholarly journals A new raw material in the production of biodiesel: purple pinion seeds.

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Aluísio Marques da Fonseca ◽  
Margareta Do Carmo ◽  
Regilany Paulo Colares ◽  
Camila Peixoto do Valle ◽  
Sara Jane de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Mass Conversion ◽  
Jatropha Gossypiifolia ◽  
Acid Index

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is produced through oil plants or animal fat. It is a renewable energy source, with biodegradable characteristics, to emit less pollutant than diesel. Thus, this work aims to show the production of biodiesel from the purple-pinion (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) seeds. In addition to the synthesis, the physical-chemical characterization of both the raw material and the final product was carried out. The biodiesel synthetic route was performed by the basic catalytic transesterification reaction, using potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the presence of methanol (CH3OH) in the molar ratio of 1: 3 (oil: methanol). As a result, it was observed that the mass conversion of the biodiesel was 22.05 g. The physical-chemical analyzes carried out were acid index of 0.106 mgKOH / g, according to ANP technical resolution. The peroxide index of 1.03 meqO2 / kg, the kinematic viscosity of 20 ° C to 40 ° C, obtained was 6.455 mm2/s and 3.5343 mm2/s, the values are close to the ANP technique resolutions. Stability was 0.26 hours, and the biodiesel burning test was executed for approximately 3 hours. Therefore, there is a high viability of biodiesel production through the purple pinion seeds.

scholarly journals Alkali Activation of Waste Clay Bricks: Influence of The Silica Modulus, SiO2/Na2O, H2O/Na2O Molar Ratio, and Liquid/Solid Ratio

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gado ◽  
Marek Hebda ◽  
Michal Łach ◽  
Janusz Mikuła
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Clay Bricks

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of various reaction conditions, namely the silica modulus SiO2/Na2O, H2O/Na2O molar ratio, and liquid/solid ratio on the geopolymerization reaction of the waste fired clay bricks (Grog). The starting raw material and the generated geopolymer specimens produced by different geopolymerization reaction conditions have been characterized using different techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal analysis. Furthermore, physico–mechanical characterization has been carried out through the determination of bulk density, porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength for each sample at interval curing times of up to 28 days. The results indicated that the geopolymerization system of the waste fired clay bricks is influenced by the investigated reaction conditions at room temperature. The compressive strength of the geopolymer sample produced at optimum conditions increased significantly by up to 37.5 MPa, in comparison with 4.5 MPa for other conditions. Finally, an optimum recommendation and useful conclusions concerning the recycling and utilization of this waste material through the geopolymerization process are made for compatibility with construction applications.

Spherical PF resin beads prepared from phenol-liquefied Bambusa dolichoclada with suspension polymerization

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Jau Lee ◽  
Chao-Yun Yu ◽  
Kuo-Chun Chang ◽  
Ying-Pin Huang ◽  
Ching-Hui Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Suspension Polymerization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Free Phenol ◽  
Resin Beads ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

Abstract Bambusa dolichoclada Hayata (long-shoot bamboo) was liquefied in phenol with H2SO4 as a catalyst. The phenol-liquefied bamboo was then used as a raw material to prepare spherical phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin beads by a suspension polymerization in a two-step process. The influence of the stirring speed (300, 350 and 400 rpm), the stabilizer dosage (3%, 4% and 5%) and the total molar ratio of formaldehyde to free phenol (F/P) (3.0/1, 3.5/1 and 4.0/1) on the properties of spherical PF beads was investigated. The results show that the yield, diameter and dimensional distribution of prepared PF beads were influenced by reaction conditions. The diameter of beads decreased as the stabilizer dosage increased. It had a more uniform dimensional distribution when stirred with a speed of 400 rpm. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis shows that PF beads obtained were not completely cured and the post-curing reaction took place at temperatures exceeded 150°C. As revealed by thermal gravimetric analysis, the char yield was over 60% after heating to 800°C.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Hyperbranched Polyamide with Triphenyl Phosphorus Structure and the Influence on Mechanical Property of Nylon-6

2013 ◽  
Vol 830 ◽  
pp. 167-171
Author(s):  
Xu Dong Tang ◽  
Qi Ming Kong
Keyword(s):  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Isophthaloyl Chloride ◽  
Hyperbranched Polyamide

Due to the unique molecular structure, hyperbranched polymers showed many characteristics,such as high solubility, low viscosity and high-activity. Therefore, it had been widely applied in different areas. In this paper, isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) was used as A2monomer and tri (3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAPPO) was used as B3monomer, compounding hyperbranched polyamide with triphenyl phosphorus structure . The best reaction conditions were obtained that the molar ratio of TAPPO and IPC was 1.5:1, the reaction temperture was 50°C, the reaction concentration was 0.1 mol/L and the reaction time was 2h.Besides, the structure of the polymer was characterized by FT-IR and H1-NMR analysis.The1H-NMR result showed that the branched degree of hyperbranched polyamide was 0.36.The DSC result showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) was 130.7 °C. When the addition of P-HBPA content was 0.5% in PA6/P-HBPA blends, the properties of tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength reached the maximum.

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