The Relationship between SOUR and some Process Parameters in Activated Sludge System

2012 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Feng Wang ◽  
Yu Gui Jia ◽  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Activated Sludge System ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), which reveals the status of activated sludge physiology and substrate metabolism by detecting respiration rate of microorganisms, is an important parameter reflecting the biological activity of activated sludge. Through the measurement of SOUR in SBR system, the SOUR variation and the correlation between SOUR and pollutant concentrations and control parameters in SBR process were studied. The result showed that SOUR can effectively reflect the biochemical reaction course of SBR process. There was better correlation between the SOUR and DO, ORP and pH in SBR process.

Protein analysis as a measure of active biomass in activated sludge

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1483-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yücesoy ◽  
N. Lüdemann ◽  
H. Lucas ◽  
J. Tan ◽  
M. Denecke
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Active Biomass ◽  
Lowry Method ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
The Relationship

Conventional methods to determine the biomass in activated sludge are the measurement of total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS). Such methods do not distinguish between active biomass and inactive organic material. In this study, biomass was determined with both conventional methods and also through measuring the protein content with the modified Lowry method. In order to investigate the relationship between activity and biomass concentration in terms of TSS, VSS and protein content, some starvation experiments were conducted. It was found that the protein fraction of VSS differs under different starvation conditions. The biological activity of the activated sludge was measured as oxygen uptake rate (OUR). The strongest correlation could be measured between protein and OUR under various conditions. The results show that protein is an appropriate parameter for the measurement of the biological activity.

Inhibition of sulfide generation by dosing formaldehyde and its derivatives in sewage under anaerobic conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
L. Mendoza ◽  
M. Marzorati ◽  
W. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Activated Sludge System ◽  
The Impact

Hydrogen sulfide emission in sewers is associated with toxicity, corrosion, odor nuisance and a lot of costs. The possibility to inhibit sulfide generation by formaldehyde and its derivatives (paraformaldehyde and urea formaldehyde) has been evaluated under anaerobic conditions. The impact of formaldehyde on an activated sludge system and an appraisal of the economic aspects are also presented. The optimum dosage to inhibit sulfide generation in sewage was 12–19 mg L−1 formaldehyde. The dosages of 32 mg L−1 paraformaldehyde or 100 mg L−1 urea formaldehyde were not capable of inhibiting sulfide generation in sewage. The impact of 19 mg L−1 formaldehyde on activated sludge system was negligible in terms of COD removal, nitrification rate and oxygen uptake rate.

The Different Metabolic Activity of Activated Sludge Samples Taken from Reversed A2/O Process and Conventional A2/O Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 1476-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Sheng Kang ◽  
Chang Qing Liu ◽  
Li Zhu Huang ◽  
Gong Fa Chang ◽  
Zhong Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Aerobic Condition ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Activated Sludge Reactor ◽  
Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Size And Structure

The metabolic activity of sludge samples taken from two pilot scale activated sludge reactor was studied. The two reactors were of the same size and structure. One was operated according to the reversed A2/O process (R-reactor) and another was operated according to conventional A2/O process (C-reactor). The activities of dehydrogenase (DHA) and electron transport system (ETS) and the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of sludge taken from R-reactor were 34.98%, 22.44% and 12.70% higher than those of the sludge taken from C-reactor. As for the R-reactor, the sludge undergoes aerobic condition right after anaerobic experience. Compared to entering aerobic stage from anoxic stage (C-reactor), entering aerobic stage from anaerobic stage can significantly enhance the activity of microbes, accelerate the decomposition of organics and improve the SOUR of the sludge.

scholarly journals The Status of the Non-Muslim Communities in the Ottoman Empire: A Non-Orientalised Decolonial Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-34
Author(s):  
Naif Bezwan
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Politics Of Recognition ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Status ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

With a focus on the key developments and critical junctures that shaped and reshaped the relationship between the Ottomans and its non-Muslim subject communities, this paper seeks to understand the dynamics and the rationale behind the Ottoman policies and practices vis-a-vis non-Muslim communities. It will do so by offering a periodisation of Ottoman rule along four major pathways, each of which also provides the title of the respective section. The first period is referred to as structural exclusion by toleration over centuries, from the conquest of the respective territories to their incorporation into the imperial domain. The second phase is entitled integration via politics of recognition which basically covers the Tanzimat era (1838-1876). The third period is put under the heading of coercive domination and control, roughly corresponding to the Hamidian Period (1876-1908). And finally, the last period is concerned with the Young Turks regime (1908-1918), discussing its politics and policies towards non-Muslims communities framed under the title of nation-building by nation-destruction. The chapter titles act both as hypothesis and structuring elements of the periodisation presented. As such they shall help identify the dominant paradigm of each period pertinent to the status and situation of the communities under consideration, while connecting them in a plausible manner. This paper is motivated by a non-Orientalised decolonial approach to the study of the Ottoman empire as well as the nation-states established in the post-Ottoman political geographies.

scholarly journals Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate and Mass Transfer Coefficient in Activated Sludge System

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
S.H. Tan ◽  
◽  
Jamaiatul Lailah M.J. ◽  
Aida Isma M.I. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Mass Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate

Activated sludge process is one of the effective methods in biological wastewater treatment and the impact of oxygen transfer through aeration process has the most important breakthroughs as it served as the largest consumer in the treatment. Aeration is an energy demanding process. Oxygen transfer into an activated sludge is a very challenging issue in the field of multiphase flows. Apart from the physical mass transfer phenomena between gas, liquid and solids phases, the transport mechanisms are also overlapped by time and temperature, varying microbial activity, impurity loads, adsorption and desorption processes. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) for microbial population in the activated sludge system is important parameter to determine the amount of oxygen consumed during aerobic heterotropic biodegradation in the system. Evaluation of specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLA) of oxygen for three different wastewater treatment processes, namely conventional activated sludge (CAS), oxidation ditch (OD) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating municipal wastewater in Kuala Lumpur have been carried out. In-situ and ex-situ measurement of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, MLSS and MLVSS were carried out. In the activated sludge treatment, very low concentration of dissolved oxygen may cause the wastewater to turn septic resulting in death of bacteria or in active due to unstable anaerobic conditions. Conversely, an excessive dissolved oxygen may result to high energy and high 25 operating cost. Higher flowrate may also cause dissolved oxygen to rise, reducing the quality of sludge and slowing the denitrification process in the system. Results revealed that the OUR for SBR, OD and CAS were 9.582 mg O2 /L/hr, 10.074 mg O2 /L/hr and 13.764 mg O2 /L/hr, respectively. Low oxygen uptake rate indicates a low rate of microbial respiration. By computing the OUR, the mass transfer coefficient could be evaluated. It should be noted that among the treatment system in this study, the conventional activated sludge shows the highest mass transfer coefficient and specific oxygen uptake rate of 2.038 hr-1 and 15.605 mg O2 /g MLVSS/hr, respectively. Improving the oxygen transfer rate and reducing aeration in the system could achieve a cost-effective aeration system.

scholarly journals Special Articles on Global and Regional Environment and Chemistry. The Relationship between Dehydrogenase Activity and Oxygen Uptake Rate on Activated Sludge.

1991 ◽  
pp. 630-634
Author(s):  
Takako SHUTOU ◽  
Hajime HORI ◽  
Minoru KOGA ◽  
Takashi AKIYAMA ◽  
Isamu TANAKA
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
The Relationship

Women and politeness: The Javanese example

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Smith-Hefner
Keyword(s):  
Public Power ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
The Family ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThis article explores the relationship between the status of Javanese women and the politeness or formality of their speech. I examine the hypothesis that, cross-culturally, women will speak more politely than men as an expression of their secondary status. Ethnographic research from East Java reveals that Javanese women are required to be more polite within the family where they receive less polite speech and offer more. In the wider context of Javanese culture, however, it is Javanese men who strive to cultivate politeness for the purpose of expressing their superior status and authority. The potentially coercive or political power of politeness in Javanese is related to the ambiguity of the polite codes themselves, which may be used to express both deference or humility on the one hand and status, refinement, and power on the other. Speech patterns are linked to a number of social-structural variables: patterns of socialization, models of appropriate male and female linguistic behavior, and men's and women's social roles and typical spheres of interest. Where, as in Java, polite codes are associated with public power and control, we should expect that men may be especially concerned with the cultivation of polite styles of speech. (Politeness, gender roles, linguistic socialization, Indonesia)

EFFECT OF THE NORETHISTERONE MINIPILL ON THE PLASMA LEVELS OF BIOLOGICALLY AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN WOMEN

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Balogh ◽  
D. M. Robertson ◽  
E. Diczfalusy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Radioimmunoassay Method

ABSTRACT The relationship between biologically and immunologically active luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma was investigated daily throughout a menstrual cycle in 29 women before and during the second month of the oral administration of norethisterone (Mini-Pe®, Astra-Syntex) in a daily dose of 0.3 mg. The biological activity was determined by an in vitro bioassay and the immunological activity by a radioimmunoassay method. A characteristic midcycle surge of LH was observed with both assay methods in all 29 control cycles. Of the 29 treatment cycles studied with both assay methods, 10 cycles exhibited a similar LH pattern, although the levels of both activities were significantly depressed (P < 0.001) during all phases of the cycle. The biological to immunological (B/I) ratios of plasma LH between the treatment and control cycles were not significantly different. Of the remaining 19 treatment cycles, in which no "midcycle" LH peak was evidenced, the levels of both activities in the treatment periods were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the follicular phase and significantly higher than in the luteal phase (P < 0.05) of the control cycles. The overall B/I ratios were significantly lower in the treatment periods than in the control cycles (P < 0.001). However, the influence of this difference on the general pattern of immunological activity in comparison with that of biological activity was relatively small. It is concluded that the irregular patterns of immunological hLH activity which are observed after treatment with low doses of norethisterone are similar to those of the biological activity.

scholarly journals The earliest origins and suppression of trade unionism in the Fiji Islands

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hince
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
The Status ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the earliest example of trade union activity in Fiji canvassing both the origins and suppression. The style of colonial government, especially when the status quo is threatened, the relationship between commercial interests and colonial officials and government, and the extent to which colonial governments of the time were prepared to infringe on individual rights in pursuit of "law and order" and the exercise of "paternal rights", are examined within the context of the events surrounding the emergence and control of labour unrest.

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