Optimization of Preparation Conditions of Crosslinked Potato Starch Microsphere through Orthogonal Experimental Design

A lot of studies were done on the base material of drug carriers: liposome, protein microsphere, glutin and high polymer microsphere were all of shortages, but starch has much superiority as the drug carrier. The paper embarked from the analysis the chemical and physical properties of potato starch. According as the characteristic of long chain molecules of potato starch forming microcrystal bundle via inter-molecules hydrogen association under room temperature, which disintegrated in water solution as temperature rising, the better levels of factors, such as gelatinization temperature, gelatinization time, volume of water, pH, according to viscosity of starch gelatinization were select firstly. A W/O reverse emulsion was obtained by dispersing the starch gelatinization into the oil. The effect of emulsifier, evocating agent, crosslinker, crosslinking temperature, and crosslinking time was investigated. An orthogonal experiment of L27(313) was designed to identify the main factors affecting them. In light of range analysis, the comparative importance of factors impacting drug loading was obtained, separately. The effects of parameters were studied using analysis of variance. The results showed that the effective factor to control drug loading were the amount of starch, the volume of water, pH, crosslinking time and the amount of evocating agent, whereas the influences of other factors on drug loading were not significant. In addition, the structure of N, N-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) crosslinked potato starch microsphere (CPSM) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and Scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Download Full-text

Stereocomplexation Assisted Assembly of Poly(γ-glutamic Acid)-graft-polylactide Nano-micelles and Their Efficacy as Anticancer Drug Carrier

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520617666170911170104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 302-311

Author(s):

Shulin Dai ◽

Yucheng Feng ◽

Shuyi Li ◽

Yuxiao Chen ◽

Meiqing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glutamic Acid ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Drug Release Profile ◽

Sustained Drug Release ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Physical Interactions

Background: Micelles as drug carriers are characterized by their inherent instability due to the weak physical interactions that facilitate the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers. As one of the strong physical interactions, the stereocomplexation between the equal molar of enantiomeric polylactides, i.e., the poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactide) (PDLA), may be harnessed to obtain micelles with enhanced stability and drug loading capacity and consequent sustained release. </P><P> Aims/Methods: In this paper, stereocomplexed micelles gama-PGA-g-PLA micelles) were fabricated from the stereocomplexation between poly(gama-glutamic acid)-graft-PLLA gama-PGA-g-PLA) and poly(gamaglutamic acid)-graft-PDLA gama-PGA-g-PLA). These stereocomplexed micelles exhibited a lower CMC than the corresponding enantiomeric micelles. Result: Furthermore, they showed higher drug loading content and drug loading efficiency in addition to more sustained drug release profile in vitro. In vivo imaging confirmed that the DiR-encapsulated stereocomplexed gama-PGA-g-PLA micelles can deliver anti-cancer drug to tumors with enhanced tissue penetration. Overall, gama-PGA-g-PLA micelles exhibited greater anti-cancer effects as compared with the free drug and the stereocomplexation may be a promising strategy for fabrication of anti-cancer drug carriers with significantly enhanced efficacy.

Download Full-text

Fabrication and Characterization of Strontium-Substituted Hydroxyapatite-CaO-CaCO3 Nanofibers with a Mesoporous Structure as Drug Delivery Carriers

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics10040179 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 179 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Shiao-Wen Tsai ◽

Wen-Xin Yu ◽

Pai-An Hwang ◽

Sheng-Siang Huang ◽

Hsiu-Mei Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Average Pore Size ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Mesoporous Structure ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Burst Release ◽

Doping Amount ◽

Sem Images ◽

Average Pore

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the main inorganic component and an essential part of hard bone and teeth. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity, synthetic HAp has been widely used as a bone substitute, cell carrier, and therapeutic gene or drug carrier. Recently, numerous studies have demonstrated that strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) not only enhances osteogenesis but also inhibits adipogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells. Mesoporous SrHAp has been successfully synthesized via a traditional template-based process and has been found to possess better drug loading and release efficiencies than SrHAp. In this study, strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite-CaO-CaCO3 nanofibers with a mesoporous structure (mSrHANFs) were fabricated using a sol–gel method followed by electrospinning. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the contents of CaO and CaCO3 in the mSrHANFs decreased as the doping amount of Sr increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the average diameter of the mSrHANFs was approximately 200~300 nm. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms demonstrated that the mSrHANFs possessed a mesoporous structure and that the average pore size was approximately 20~25 nm. Moreover, the mSrHANFs had excellent drug- loading efficiency and could retard the burst release of tetracycline (TC) to maintain antibacterial activity for over 3 weeks. Hence, mSrHANFs have the potential to be used as drug carriers in bone tissue engineering.

Download Full-text

Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers and Its Therapeutic Applications

Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch018 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 459-485

Author(s):

Prabhakar Singh ◽

Sudhakar Singh ◽

Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

The Body ◽

Body Ideal

In this pharma innovative world, there are more than 30 drug delivery systems. Today's due to lacking the target specificity, the present scenario about drug delivery is emphasizing towards targeted drug delivery systems. Erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cells travel thousands of miles from wide to narrow pathways to deliver oxygen, drugs and nutrient during their lifetime. Red blood cells have strong and targeted potential carrier capabilities for varieties of drugs. Drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes or resealed erythrocytes are promising for various passive and active targeting. Resealed erythrocyte have advantage over several drug carrier models like biocompatibility, biodegradability without toxic products, inert intracellular environment, entrapping potential for a variety of chemicals, protection of the organism against toxic effects of the drug, able to circulate throughout the body, ideal zero-order drug-release kinetics, no undesired immune response against encapsulated drug etc. Resealed erythrocytes are rapidly taken up by macrophages of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) of the liver, lung, and spleen of the body and hence drugs also. Resealed erythrocytes method of drugs delivery is secure and effective for drugs targeting specially for a longer period of time. This chapter will explain the different method of drug loading for resealed erythrocytes, their characterization, and applications in various therapies and associated health benefits.

Download Full-text

Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers and Its Therapeutic Applications

Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice - Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0754-3.ch012 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 340-366

Author(s):

Prabhakar Singh ◽

Sudhakar Singh ◽

Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

The Body ◽

Body Ideal

Download Full-text

Paclitaxel-tyroserleutide Conjugates Self-assembly into Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery

Letters in Drug Design & Discovery ◽

10.2174/1570180815666180803124625 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 882-891

Author(s):

Yongjia Liu ◽

Leilei Shi ◽

Bangshang Zhu ◽

Yue Su ◽

Hui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Cancer Therapeutics ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Assembly Method

Background: The drug-drug self-assembly was considered as a simple and efficient approach to prepare high drug loading nano-drug carriers and present new opportunities for cancer therapeutics. The strategy of PTX amphiphiles preparation would be a possible way to solve the poor water solubility of PTX. Methods: The PTX-YSL conjugate were synthesized and characterized. The PTX-YSL nanocarriers was prepared by a simple self-assembly method. In vitro cell studies and pharmacokinetic studies were evaluated for their in vitro anti-tumor activities and blood retention time. Results: The structures of PTX-YSL conjugate were confirmed by LC-MS, 1H NMR and FTIR. The size and morphology of the PTX-YSL self-assembled nanocarriers were observed with TEM and DLS. PTX-YSL nanocarriers could facilitate cellular uptake and had low cytotoxicity. PTX-YSL nanocarriers have longer blood retention for enhancing accumulation in the tumor tissues via EPR effect. Conclusion: This drug delivery system formed by PTX-YSL conjugates constitutes a promising and effective drug carrier in cancer therapy.

Download Full-text

Using Supercritical Fluid Technology as a Green Alternative During the Preparation of Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics11120629 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 629 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Paroma Chakravarty ◽

Amin Famili ◽

Karthik Nagapudi ◽

Mohammad A. Al-Sayah

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Supercritical Fluid ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Size Control ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Residual Solvent

Micro- and nano-carrier formulations have been developed as drug delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that suffer from poor physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. Encapsulating the APIs in such systems can help improve their stability by protecting them from harsh conditions such as light, oxygen, temperature, pH, enzymes, and others. Consequently, the API’s dissolution rate and bioavailability are tremendously improved. Conventional techniques used in the production of these drug carrier formulations have several drawbacks, including thermal and chemical stability of the APIs, excessive use of organic solvents, high residual solvent levels, difficult particle size control and distributions, drug loading-related challenges, and time and energy consumption. This review illustrates how supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies can be superior in controlling the morphology of API particles and in the production of drug carriers due to SCF’s non-toxic, inert, economical, and environmentally friendly properties. The SCF’s advantages, benefits, and various preparation methods are discussed. Drug carrier formulations discussed in this review include microparticles, nanoparticles, polymeric membranes, aerogels, microporous foams, solid lipid nanoparticles, and liposomes.

Download Full-text

Engineered biomimetic nanoparticle for dual targeting of the cancer stem-like cell population in sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1911229117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (39) ◽

pp. 24205-24212

Author(s):

Jinhwan Kim ◽

Abhinav Dey ◽

Anshu Malhotra ◽

Jingbo Liu ◽

Song Ih Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Effect ◽

Cell Population ◽

Sonic Hedgehog ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Apolipoprotein A1 ◽

Cholesterol Depletion

The sonic hedgehog subtype of medulloblastoma (SHH MB) is associated with treatment failure and poor outcome. Current strategies utilizing whole brain radiation therapy result in deleterious off-target effects on the normal developing childhood brain. Most conventional chemotherapies remain limited by ineffective blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetrance. These challenges signify an unmet need for drug carriers that can cross the BBB and deliver drugs to targeted sites with high drug-loading efficiency and long-term stability. We herein leverage the enhanced stability and targeting ability of engineered high-density lipoprotein-mimetic nanoparticles (eHNPs) to cross the BBB and deliver a SHH inhibitor effectively to the cancer stem-like cell population in SHH MB. Our microfluidic technology enabled highly reproducible production of multicomponent eHNPs incorporated with apolipoprotein A1, anti-CD15, and a SHH inhibitor (LDE225). We demonstrate the dual-targeted delivery and enhanced therapeutic effect of eHNP-A1-CD15-LDE225 via scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) and CD15 on brain SHH MB cells in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Moreover, we show that eHNP-A1 not only serves as a stable drug carrier, but also has a therapeutic effect itself through SR-B1-mediated intracellular cholesterol depletion in SHH MB cells. Through the facilitated and targeted cellular uptake of drugs and direct therapeutic role of this engineered biomimetic nanocarrier in SHH MB, our multifunctional nanoparticle provides intriguing therapeutic promise as an effective and potent nanomedicine for the treatment of SHH MB.

Download Full-text

Influence of the structure of ceftazidime on obtaining biologically active cellulosic bandage

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind151214015r ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

Branka Rodic-Grabovac ◽

Radana Djudjic ◽

Pero Sailovic

Keyword(s):

Hydrophobic Interactions ◽

Water Solution ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Solution Concentration ◽

Physiological Solution ◽

Maximum Amount ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Agar Diffusion Test

Biologically active fibers as drug carriers have improved characteristics in comparison with conventional medical therapies. Cellulosic fibers as hydrophilic and biocompatible, nontoxic and eco-friendly make a good polymer matrix for obtaining biologically active fibers. Current investigations in this area show that the features of these fibers depend on the type of carrier as well as the drug structure. Loading drugs on the fiber carrier is accomplished by ionic bonding between ionized drugs and the groups fixed on the fiber (by ion exchange) or loosely adsorption on the fiber through hydrophobic interactions. These interactions can be achieved between hydrophobic parts of the drug and the fiber carrier or among the hydrophobic drugs bonded on the fiber. Prevailing mechanism of ionized drug bonding on the carrier is ionic, although different hydrophobic interactions can contribute the drug loading to varying degrees. In this paper oxidized cellulose (OC) with different carboxylic group content is obtained by selective oxidation and used for chemical bonding of antibiotic ceftazidime. In its structure this antibiotic has aminothiazole ring and pyridine ring in the side chains of cephem nucleus. Ceftazidime has two carboxylic groups and also great number of electron donors and acceptors. Due to these groups and structures ceftazidime is able to form multiple chemical bonds i. e. interactions with oxidized cellulosic bandage. The bonding was performed in antibiotic water solution concentration of c=3,4?10-3 mol/L at room temperature (22 ? 1?C), while desorption was performed in physiological solution. The amounts of bonded and released antibiotic were determined spectrophotometrically in UV range. Maximum amount of bound drug (0,0243 mg/g) was obtained during the sorption on the oxidized bandage with 2,276 mmol/g COOH and the maximum amount of released drug was 0,0238 mmol/g. Antimicrobial activity of the samples with bonded ceftazidime was tested in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis i Escherichia coli by agar diffusion test. The bigest zone of inhibition was obtained for Escherichia. The paper studies the influence of ceftazidime chemical structure, pH of solution in which sorption is performed and sorption duration, on the amount of bonded drug. It was established that the drug bonding was achieved by ionic bonds and the hydrogen bonds of the drug functional groups with oxidised cellulose bandage. Also it was found that buffering of the drug solution, in which bonding is performed, can increase the amount of ceftazidime bonded on the fiber.

Download Full-text

The Drug Loading Kinetics Mechanism of Ion Exchange Fiber as a Novel Kind of Drug Carrier Material

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.54 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 904 ◽

pp. 54-58

Author(s):

Hui Min Yao ◽

Jun Yi Zhu ◽

Guang Qing Xia

Keyword(s):

Ion Exchange ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Second Order ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Pseudo Second Order ◽

Kinetic Sorption ◽

Ion Exchange Fiber ◽

Order Kinetic Equation

The adsorption of Fenazoxine hydrochloride was investigated by performing batch kinetic sorption experiments. Experiments were carried out as function of contact time, initial concentration. Adsorption data were modeled using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics equations. It showed that the pseudo-second order kinetic equation can describe the adsorption kinetics best. The results indicate that ion-exchange fiber is suitable as drug carriers for loading drugs.

Download Full-text

Bacterial Magnetosome: A Novel Biogenetic Magnetic Targeted Drug Carrier with Potential Multifunctions

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2011/469031 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jianbo Sun ◽

Ying Li ◽

Xing-Jie Liang ◽

Paul C. Wang

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Particles ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Research Progress ◽

Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽

Magnetic Carriers ◽

Potential Applications ◽

The Common ◽

Loading Methods

Bacterial magnetosomes (BMs) synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria have recently drawn great interest due to their unique features. BMs are used experimentally as carriers for antibodies, enzymes, ligands, nucleic acids, and chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition to the common attractive properties of magnetic carriers, BMs also show superiority as targeting nanoscale drug carriers, which is hardly matched by artificial magnetic particles. We are presenting the potential applications of BMs as drug carriers by introducing the drug-loading methods and strategies and the recent research progress of BMs which has contributed to the application of BMs as drug carriers.

Download Full-text