Forging of Copper and Iron Plates by the Damascus Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 809 ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
Susanne Strobl ◽  
Wolfgang Scheiblechner ◽  
Roland Haubner
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Diffusion Zone ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Layered Composite ◽  
Damascus Steel ◽  
Small Diffusion ◽  
Steel Grades

Forging of different steel grades is called Damascus technique and results in a layered composite material termed “Damascus steel”, but forging of different copper alloys is termed “mokume gane”. In this paper the joining of copper and iron plates by forging is described. Metallographic investigations showed well bonded interfaces of copper and iron. A very small diffusion zone was observed. To study the diffusion between copper and iron two heat treatments were performed in Ar atmosphere. After 30 minutes at 1000 °C a marginal Cu-Fe interaction took place. Above the melting point of Cu at 1100 °C an intense Cu-Fe interaction was observed, which significantly changes the interface of both metals. Cu penetrated Fe along the grain boundaries and Fe droplets were formed sporadically. This correlates with the typical morphologies of liquid metal embrittlement (LME). Moreover, Fe is dissolved in Cu at 1100 °C and after cooling fine Fe precipitates in the Cu phase were detected.

Investigation of the Influence of Ultrasound Action on Diffusion Processes in an Explosion-Welded Bimetal System Cu-Al during Heat Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 306-312
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Slautin ◽  
Dmitriy V. Pronichev ◽  
Evgeniy V. Kuz’min
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Diffusion Zone ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
Layered Composite ◽  
Acoustic Vibrations ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Eutectic Transformation ◽  
Ultrasound Action

The influence of ultrasound on the main regularities of the formation and growth of the diffusion zone at the interlayer boundary of an explosion-welded layered composite material of Al-Cu systems is investigated. It is proved that the effect of ultrasound contributes to the reduction of the latent period of the nucleation of intermetallic phases at the interlayer boundary, lowers the temperature of the beginning of the eutectic transformation (by about 10 ° C), but at the same time does not affect the phase composition of the diffusion zone as a result of homogeneous reactions at the boundary of contact of solids. It has been established that the thickness of the diffusion zone, with the duration of the supplied acoustic vibrations, ensures the absence of cracks in the diffusion zone, leading to delamination of the material, increases by 30-40% at a fixed temperature of intense diffusion.

Investigation of the Diffusion Couple Ductile Cast Iron / Iron

2020 ◽  
Vol 405 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Susanne Strobl ◽  
Roland Haubner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Diffusion Couple ◽  
Diffusion Zone ◽  
Pure Iron ◽  
Ductile Cast Iron ◽  
Carbon Solubility ◽  
Small Diffusion ◽  
Iron Iron

Forging of ductile cast iron with pure iron by the Damascus technique, results in a new composite material. The combination of cast iron and pure iron is unusual because of its rather different properties. After forging these two materials a small diffusion zone of about 150 µm was observed. Various heat treatments at 900 °C for 2, 4 or 20 hours and 950 °C for 4 h were performed to increase the diffusion zone up to 2.4 mm. At 900 °C carbon solubility in austenite is about 1.2 wt. % and at 950 °C 1.4 wt. %. During the heat treatment carbon diffuses from cast iron into the pure iron and the diffusion gradient grows with time and temperature. Furthermore, the samples were air cooled or water quenched. In the ductile cast iron, graphite nodules are surrounded by ferrite. During the heat treatment graphite is dissolved and pores are observed. In the diffusion gradient layer, a broad range of microstructures observed in hyper- and hypoeutectoid steels could be found. The microstructures were revealed by different etchants and moreover, hardness measurements were performed.

Morphology and atomic structure of segregated grain boundaries in Cu-Sb

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
R. W. Fonda ◽  
D. E. Luzzi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Intergranular Fracture ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Polycrystalline Materials ◽  
Grain Boundary Embrittlement ◽  
Boundary Embrittlement

The properties of polycrystalline materials are strongly dependant upon the strength of internal boundaries. Segregation of solute to the grain boundaries can adversely affect this strength. In copper alloys, segregation of either bismuth or antimony to the grain boundary will embrittle the alloy by facilitating intergranular fracture. Very small quantities of bismuth in copper have long been known to cause severe grain boundary embrittlement of the alloy. The effect of antimony is much less pronounced and is observed primarily at lower temperatures. Even though moderate amounts of antimony are fully soluble in copper, concentrations down to 0.14% can cause grain boundary embrittlement.

CERROTRU Alloy

Alloy Digest ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Eutectic Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Tube Bending ◽  
Metal Products

Abstract CERROTRU Alloy is a bismuth-base eutectic alloy that melts at 281 F (138 C). It has the highest melting point of the bismuth-base alloys commonly used in industry. It provides production engineers with an easily castable material that is ready for use soon after it freezes. The alloy can be recovered easily and recycled into new uses any number of times. Cerrotru alloy has many uses including anchoring, molds for plastics, filler for tube bending and liquid metal in heat treating. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on casting, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: Bi-15. Producer or source: Cerro Metal Products.

scholarly journals Investigation into the Structural, Chemical and High Mechanical Reforms in B4C with Graphene Composite Material Substitution for Potential Shielding Frame Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1921
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Alarifi
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Boron Carbide ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
High Fracture Toughness ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
High Fracture ◽  
Fabrication Procedure ◽  
Standard Designs

In this work, boron carbide and graphene nanoparticle composite material (B4C–G) was investigated using an experimental approach. The composite material prepared with the two-step stir casting method showed significant hardness and high melting point attributes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, indicated 83.65%, 17.32%, and 97.00% of boron carbide + 0% graphene nanoparticles chemical compositions for the C-atom, Al-atom, and B4C in the compound studied, respectively. The physical properties of all samples’ B4C–G like density and melting point were 2.4 g/cm3 density and 2450 °C, respectively, while the grain size of B4C–G was in the range of 0.8 ± 0.2 µm. XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopic analysis was also performed to investigate the chemical compositions of the B4C–G composite. The molding press composite machine was a fabrication procedure that resulted in the formation of outstanding materials by utilizing the sintering process, including heating and pressing the materials. For mechanical properties, high fracture toughness and tensile strength of B4C–G composites were analyzed according to ASTM standard designs. The detailed analysis has shown that with 6% graphene content in B4C, the composite material portrays a high strength of 134 MPa and outstanding hardness properties. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the composite materials studied exhibit novel features suitable for use in the application of shielding frames.

Structural features of layered composite material TiB2/TiAl/Ti obtained by unrestricted SHS-compression

2021 ◽  
pp. 130165
Author(s):  
A.D. Prokopets ◽  
P.M. Bazhin ◽  
A.S. Konstantinov ◽  
A.P. Chizhikov ◽  
M.S. Antipov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Layered Composite ◽  
Layered Composite Material

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF Al-Cu-Mg-Ag ALLOY WITH TRACE Zr ADDITION DURING TWO-STEP HOMOGENIZATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (06n07) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEIYUE MA ◽  
ZHIYI LIU
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Microstructural Evolution ◽  
Cast Alloy ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Zr Addition ◽  
Homogenization Time ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

The microstructural evolution in an Al - Cu - Mg - Ag alloy with trace Zr addition during homogenization treatment was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). It was shown that the low-melting-point phase segregating toward grain boundaries is Al 2 Cu , with a melting point of 523.52°C. A two-step homogenization process was employed to optimize the microstructure of the as-cast alloy, during which the alloy was first homogenized at a lower temperature, then at a higher temperature. After homogenized at 420°C for 6 h, Al 3 Zr particles were finely formed in the matrix. After that, when the alloy was homogenized at an elevated temperature for a longer time, i.e., 515°C for 24 h, most of the precipates at the grain boundaries were removed. Furthermore, the dispersive Al 3 Zr precipitates were retained, without coarsening greatly in the final homogenization step. A kinetics model is employed to predict the optimal homogenization time at a given temperature theoretically, and it confirms the result in present study, which is 420°C/6h+515°C/24h.

Convective Cooling of Compact Electronic Devices via Liquid Metals with Low Melting Points

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilin Liu ◽  
Jing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Liquid Metals ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Convective Cooling ◽  
Heat Exchanger Design

Abstract The increasingly high power density of today's electronic devices requires the cooling techniques to produce highly effective heat dissipation performance with as little sacrifice as possible to the system compactness. Among the currently available thermal management schemes, the convective liquid metal cooling provides considerably high performance due to their unique thermal properties. This paper firstly reviews the studies on convective cooling using low-melting-point metals published in the past few decades. A group of equations for the thermophysical properties of In-Ga-Sn eutectic alloy is then documented by rigorous literature examination, following by a section of correlations for the heat transfer and flow resistance calculation to partially facilitate the designing work at the current stage. The urgent need to investigate the heat transfer and flow resistance of forced convection of low-melting-point metals in small/mini-channels, typical in compact electronic devices, is carefully argued. Some special aspects pertaining to the practical application of this cooling technique, including the entrance effect, mixed convection, and compact liquid metal heat exchanger design, are also discussed. Finally, future challenges and prospects are outlined.

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