Preliminary Investigation of Crushed Rock-Based Geopolymer for Road Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Hemwadee Thongchua ◽  
Peerapong Jitsangiam ◽  
Teewara Suwan ◽  
Damrongsak Rinchumphu ◽  
Sararat Kwunjai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
The Road ◽  
Green Technique

At present, our world is facing environmental issues, which is an increasing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated by the Portland cement (OPC) production. To reduce that carbon dioxide emissions, some researchers have studied the alternative cementitious materials to replace the consumption of OPC, and geopolymer is one of the choices. Geopolymer cement (GP), a green technique for construction material, was applied for the road constructions by using Crushed rock (CR-the typical pavement material) as a starting material of geopolymer synthesis. The results showed that the optimum mixture to achieve both properties and economic aspect was 5M of NaOH concentration, 1.0 SS/SH ratio, 0.5 L/B ratio cured at room temperature. With that mixture, it passed the target compressive strength of Cement-treated base (CTB) for pavement (2.1-5.5 MPa) as well as achieving the CO2 reduction of 45.23% when compared to ordinary Portland cement.

scholarly journals Geopolymer Cements and Their Properties: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Živica ◽  
Martin T. Palou ◽  
Martin Križma
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Geopolymer Cements

Abstract Concrete is the world's most versatile, durable and reliable construction material. Next to water, concrete is the second most used substance on earth and it requires large quantities of Portland cement. The industrial sector is the third largest source of man-made carbon dioxide emissions after the transportation sector as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which pollutes the atmosphere. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production produces the largest amount of carbon dioxide amongst all industrial processes. In addition to that a large amount of energy is also consumed for the cement production. The production of OPC not only consumes a huge amount of the natural resources i.e. limestone and fossil fuels but also produces almost 0.9 t of CO2 for 1t of cement clinker production. Thus, the world cement production generates 2.8 billion tons of manmade greenhouse gas annually. Hence, it is inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most resource and energy consuming Portland cement. Geopolymer cements are innovative binders which can be produced by the chemical action of aluminosilicate materials plenty available worldwide. They are rich in silica and alumina reacting with alkaline solution and producing aluminosilicate gel that acts as the binding material for the concrete. Geopolymers are synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. The paper presents data on the important engineering properties of geopolymer cements showing that these cements offer an alternative to, and potential replacement for, OPC. Geopolymer technology also has the potential to reduce global greenhouse emissions caused by OPC production. Due to the high level of mechanical properties of geopolymer cements and their environmentally beneficial technology they appear as a prospective construction material for the future.

scholarly journals A Review of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Ecological Concretes in a Cold Climate in Comparison to Standard Ordinary Portland Cement-Based Concrete

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3467
Author(s):  
Ankit Kothari ◽  
Karin Habermehl-Cwirzen ◽  
Hans Hedlund ◽  
Andrzej Cwirzen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Chemical Admixtures ◽  
Composite Cements ◽  
Alkali Activated

Most of the currently used concretes are based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) which results in a high carbon dioxide footprint and thus has a negative environmental impact. Replacing OPCs, partially or fully by ecological binders, i.e., supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) or alternative binders, aims to decrease the carbon dioxide footprint. Both solutions introduced a number of technological problems, including their performance, when exposed to low, subfreezing temperatures during casting operations and the hardening stage. This review indicates that the present knowledge enables the production of OPC-based concretes at temperatures as low as −10 °C, without the need of any additional measures such as, e.g., heating. Conversely, composite cements containing SCMs or alkali-activated binders (AACs) showed mixed performances, ranging from inferior to superior in comparison with OPC. Most concretes based on composite cements require pre/post heat curing or only a short exposure to sub-zero temperatures. At the same time, certain alkali-activated systems performed very well even at −20 °C without the need for additional curing. Chemical admixtures developed for OPC do not always perform well in other binder systems. This review showed that there is only a limited knowledge on how chemical admixtures work in ecological concretes at low temperatures and how to accelerate the hydration rate of composite cements containing high amounts of SCMs or AACs, when these are cured at subfreezing temperatures.

scholarly journals Advocating for green building minimum compliance system in Rwanda: Using bricks to achieve sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Ilija Gubic ◽  
Dheeraj Arrabothu ◽  
John Bugirimfura ◽  
Laurel Hasabamagara ◽  
Irenee Isingizwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Minimum Compliance ◽  
Economic Perspectives

Development countries in Africa will see 75% increase of its current building stock until 2060 due to the economic development, rapid urbanization and population growth. Rwanda?s Third National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change estimates that the carbon dioxide emissions from buildings will increase by 574% by 2050 in the business as usual scenario. The aim of this paper puts sustainable architecture and green buildings in a context of rapidly urbanizing Rwanda, showing five recently constructed brick buildings that exploit the culture while meeting the sustainability demands of the 21st century. Global sustainability agendas are advocating for the use of brick for its durability, quality, with environmental, economic, and social benefits for construction sector. This paper provides insights on the policies, such as the Green Building Minimum Compliance System, advocating for the use of brick as a sustainable construction material. Despite the rapid urbanization in Rwanda, the existing sustainable construction practices help in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, while this paper also documents results on social and economic perspectives for the community from construction sector.

Crushed Rock Geopolymer as a Future Road Construction Material: An Evaluation on Strength Performance and Compaction Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Sararat Kwunjai ◽  
Peerapong Jitsangiam ◽  
Teewara Suwan ◽  
Damrongsak Rinchumphu ◽  
Hemwadee Thongchua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Compaction Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Surface Areas

To be more sustainable in the road construction industry, the rock-based geopolymer concept should be applied with an aim to create a geopolymer-based road structural layer. The research program studied on the geopolymer for road construction was newly established at Chiang Mai University, Thailand. This study concentrated in a preliminarily evaluation of strength performance and compaction characteristics of crushed rock-based geopolymer (CR-GP) to partially or totally replace the usage of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a road stabilizing agent. The standard crushed rock (CR), complying with the standard of road base materials, was obtained from a real construction field. The experiment on CR gradation, compaction and compressive strength were carried out. The results showed that CR of a finer grading curve with higher surface areas tended to better react with alkaline activators, resulting in relatively high compressive strength. The mechanical modification with compaction is one of the simplest methods for strength improvement. It found that higher compactive efforts (the modified compaction), higher densification than that of the standard compaction, corresponding to the compaction theory of soil mechanics. CR-GP having an ideal (reconstituted) grading curve achieved higher compressive strength than that of the standard grading one of a well-graded pattern. Overall, it could be concluded CR-GP has intrinsic compaction characteristics of which at its optimum point of compaction, CR-GP could address the minimum requirement for road standard in terms of compressive strength, by which it could be used as an alternative material in replacing the consumption of OPC.

Reflections on Carbon Tax on Way to Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1385-1388
Author(s):  
Xiao Yan Zhang ◽  
Yan Lei Qiu ◽  
Pei Long Shen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Current Implementation

Carbon dioxide is one of the most important greenhouse gases which have caused the global warm. Reducing greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide emission, has become the hot spot of environmental issues in the current society of international world. Based on the analysis of carbon dioxide emissions in the global environment and the present introduction of carbon tax as a tool for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, the paper, on a unique perspective, compared some related conceptions in deep and analyzed the principle of the means in reducing carbon dioxide from the perspective of macro and micro. Finally, the paper gave the conclusion of China's carbon tax in the current implementation of specific measures.

scholarly journals The Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Activation of Bentonite on the Mechanical and Durability Performance of Concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safi Ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Yaqub ◽  
Muhammad Noman ◽  
Babar Ali ◽  
Muhammad Nasir Ayaz Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Acid Attack ◽  
Split Tensile Strength

Despite presenting a very high global warming toll, Portland cement concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. The eco-efficiency, economy, and the overall mechanical and durability performances of concrete can be improved by incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as partial substitutions to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Naturally found bentonite possesses pozzolanic properties and has very low carbon footprint compared to OPC. By applying activation techniques, the reactivity of bentonite can be improved, and its incorporation levels can be maximized. In this study, the influence of mechanical and thermo-mechanical activation of bentonite is investigated on properties of concrete. Bentonite was used for 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% mass replacements of OPC. Mechanical (compressive strength and split tensile strength) and durability (water absorption, sorptivity coefficient, and acid attack resistance) properties were studied. Results of experimental testing revealed that, concrete containing bentonite showed good mechanical performance, while durability was significantly improved relative to control mix. Application of thermo-mechanical activation can enhance the incorporation levels of bentonite in concrete. At 15% and 25%, bentonite produced optimum results for mechanical and thermo-mechanical activation, respectively. Bentonite inclusion is more beneficial to the durability than the mechanical strength of concrete.

scholarly journals Measurement of Biocarbon in Flue Gases Using 14C

Radiocarbon ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
K M Hämäläinen ◽  
H Jungner ◽  
O Antson ◽  
J Räsänen ◽  
K Tormonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Flue Gases

A preliminary investigation of the biocarbon fraction in carbon dioxide emissions of power plants using both fossil- and biobased fuels is presented. Calculation of the biocarbon fraction is based on radiocarbon content measured in power plant flue gases. Samples were collected directly from the chimneys into plastic sampling bags. The 14C content in CO2 was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Flue gases from power plants that use natural gas, coal, wood chips, bark, plywood residue, sludge from the pulp factory, peat, and recovered fuel were measured. Among the selected plants, there was one that used only fossil fuel and one that used only biofuel; the other investigated plants burned mixtures of fuels. The results show that 14C measurement provides the possibility to determine the ratio of bio and fossil fuel burned in power plants.

scholarly journals Vegetation resilience to absorbing carbon dioxide emissions in the Gajahmada Street

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 06032
Author(s):  
Miftachurahma Widanirmala ◽  
Maryono Maryono ◽  
Fuad Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Open Space ◽  
City Government ◽  
City Center ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide ◽  
The City ◽  
Very High

Gajahmada Street is one of the main streets in the city of Semarang. The location is very strategic, which connects the Golden Triangle Region in Semarang City which is the center of the city. As a city center, transportation activities in the area are very high. Transportation activities produce carbon dioxide emissions. The accumulation of carbon dioxide emissions is dangerous for health and the environment. Semarang City Government provides green open space along the road section to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The purpose of this study was to determine the vegetation resilience to absorbing carbon dioxide at that location. The data collection method uses literature collection and field observations. The results showed the ability of green open space to absorb carbon dioxide emissions is 1.218,7 tons/ha/year. While the emissions produced are 6.832 tons/year, meaning that there is residual carbon dioxide that is not absorbed, that is 5.613,3 tons/year.

scholarly journals Prospective Electric Power Cooperation among Northeast Asian Countries in the Context of Carbon Tax Sergei Podkovalnikov, Chudinova Lyudmila

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
S. Podkovalnikov ◽  
L. Chudinova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
System Expansion ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Northeast Asian

The paper addresses the prospects for power grid formation in Northeast Asia in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide tax is implemented as a tool to quantitatively engage environmental issues in the study. A survey of the studies on the prospective NEA power grid has been done. The research employs a methodology and a mathematical model for the optimization of power system expansion and economic dispatching of power plants. Environmentally friendly scenarios of the NEA power grid were built and studied.

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