Assessment of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from Different Brands of Window Air-Conditioners

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Olayemi Abosede Odunlami ◽  
J.N. Chinyelugo ◽  
Francis Boluwaji Elehinafe ◽  
Muyiwa Adedapo Fajobi ◽  
A.A. Ayoola
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Air Conditioners

Electrical appliances have been suspected to contribute harmful pollutants to the atmosphere hence reducing the quality of outdoor ambient air, this suspicion has given rise to environmentalists carrying out research to determine whether these appliances are pollutant free or not. In the course of this research, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide emissions were assessed from the outdoor part of window air-conditioners. Eight window air-conditioners of four prominent brands labeled as A1, A2, A3 and A4 were identified. The air from the outdoor part of the window air-conditioner was monitored for one hour with readings taken at two minutes intervals using the MSA Altair Xcell 5X Gas Sensor. Raw data of results were obtained for the eight window air-conditioners and they were analysed to obtain the daily, weekly, monthly and yearly contributions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere. The yearly contributions of carbon monoxide for each brand was 15360.00 ppm for A1, 15360.00 ppm for A2, 7680.00 ppm for A3 and 5760.00 ppm for A4 while the hydrogen sulfide contributions for each of the brands was 3840.00 ppm for A1, 1920.00 ppm for A2, 0.00 ppm for A3 and 0.00 ppm for A4. From the results obtained, A1window air conditioner had the highest contribution to both carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the atmosphere.

Psycho-physiological evaluations of low-level impulsive sounds produced by air conditioners

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. 1186-1193
Author(s):  
Yoshiharu Soeta ◽  
Ei Onogawa
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Subjective Loudness ◽  
Long Time

Air conditioners are widely used in buildings to maintain thermal comfort for long time. Air conditioners produce sounds during operation, and air conditioners are regarded as one of the main noise sources in buildings. Most sounds produced by the air conditioner do not fluctuate over time and sound quality of the steady sounds produced by the air conditioner have been evaluated. However, air conditioners sometimes produce low-level and impulsive sounds. Customers criticizes such sounds are annoying when they sleep and they spend time quietly in the living room. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that significantly influence the psycho-physiological response to the low-level impulsive sounds produced by air conditioners. We assessed the A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq) and factors extracted from the autocorrelation function (ACF). Subjective loudness, sharpness, annoyance, and electroencephalography (EEG) were evaluated. Multiple regression analyses were performed using a linear combination of LAeq, the ACF factors, and their standard deviations. The results indicated that LAeq, the delay time of the first maximum peak, the width of the first decay of the ACF, and the magnitude and width of the IACF could predict psycho-physiological responses to air conditioner sounds.

Real-Time Monitoring of Hydrogen Sulfide in Air by Cataluminescence-Based Gas Sensor

2012 ◽  
Vol 241-244 ◽  
pp. 934-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kao Wen Zhou ◽  
Hong Wei Yang ◽  
Xu Fei Li ◽  
Yan Ying Yang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Sensing Material ◽  
Versus Concentration

A cataluminescence (CTL)-based gas sensor utilizing nano-sized Mn1.5Zr2O7 as the sensing material for the determination of hydrogen sulfide in air was proposed. The gas sensor showed high selectivity for hydrogen sulfide at 450 nm and satisfying activity at 320°C. The linear range of the CTL intensity versus concentration of hydrogen sulfide was 2~95 mg/m3, and the detection limit (3σ) was 1.5 mg/m3. No interference was observed while the foreign substances, such as formaldehyde, ammonia, ethanol, benzene, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, were passing through the sensor. The gas sensor displayed good stability for continuously introducing hydrogen sulfide over 60 h, and allowed real-time monitoring of hydrogen sulfide in air.

scholarly journals Developing a Strategy to Recover Condensate Water from Air Conditioners in Palestine

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1696
Author(s):  
Lubna Siam ◽  
Issam A. Al-Khatib ◽  
Fathi Anayah ◽  
Shehdeh Jodeh ◽  
Ghadir Hanbali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

As the need for water is increasing in Palestine, and the available water resources are barely sufficient to meet the demands of the current quality of life and the economy, air conditioner condensate water could be explored as an alternative water source. The objective of this study is to better understand the potential for recovery of condensate water from air conditioning systems in two Palestinian cities. In addition, this study aims to evaluate this water source in terms of quality and quantity. Generally, it was found that the condensate water has good quality, which conforms to the Palestinian standards for reused water for irrigation, except for turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. Reflecting the heavy metal occurrence in the collected condensate water, no particular risk was recognized for drinking water or reused irrigation standards, except for manganese occurrence of 0.19 mg/L in one sample. From a single unit capacity, high quantities of water were observed of approximately 259 L and 453 L per month in Ramallah and Jericho cities, respectively. These figures should draw the attention of decision and policy makers to put in place strict technical guidelines to be followed for potential reuse of condensate water at the local level.

scholarly journals Assessment of Vehicular-Induced Emissions in some Selected Areas in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535-1539
Author(s):  
W.A. Raji ◽  
L.A. Jimoda ◽  
J.K. Odobor ◽  
A.O. Popoola
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Gas Detector ◽  
The Status ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Environmental Health Problem

Vehicular emission is a major environmental health problem in the world today especially in developing countries including Nigeria. This study was centered on assessing the vehicular emissions pollutants such as Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Formaldehyde (HCHO) and Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The sampling of the CO and H2S gaseous pollutants was done using H-4S gas analyzer while JCG60 gas detector was used to measure TVOC and HCHO. The meteorological parameters were measured with HTC-1 hygrometer thermometer. AQI was calculated to determine the status of the ambient air quality of the study areas. Carbon monoxide concentration obtained from the result ranges from 3.12-16.1 ppm with location C having the highest amount of 16.1 ppm which exceeds the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) standard of 10 ppm. The calculated AQI shows that the study areas are all polluted. Continuous measurement and inventory of air pollutants should be encouraged, as this will enable the policymakers to effectively implement control measures on air pollution.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Air Quality in Igwuruta and Aluu, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-614
Author(s):  
S.M.O. Akhionbare ◽  
O.G. Okweri-Eric ◽  
C.E. Ihejirika
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Criteria Pollutants ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Rivers State

This study investigated the air quality of Aluu and Igwuruta communities both in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, using carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), suspended particulate matter (SPM), Methare (CH4), ammonia (NH3) Ozone (03) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) as indices. Sampling was done at eighteen (18) locations within Aluu and Igwuruta at graded distances from the two (2) flare points located within the study area. Ambient air temperature, relative humility and windspeed were also measured for the location. Results showed the following levels for Aluu: CO; 934.2 ± 6.5 μg/m3, NO2; 1451.4 ± 14.28 μg/m3, SO2; 243.3 ± 9.085 μg/m3, NH3; 2167.3 ± 8.916 μg/m3, CH4; 34734.5 ± 9.55 μg/m3, SPM; 23.55 ± 6.05 μg/m3, O3; 14.795 ± 6.33 μg/m3 and VOC; 4.04 ± 1.842 μg/m3 while for Igwuruta, results are given as: CO; 460 ± 6.81 μg/m3, SPM; 95.7 ± 3.588 μg/m3, NO2; 1300.75 ± 4.681 μg/m3, SO2; 1191.72 ± 13.127 μg/m3, SO2; 1191.72 ± 13.127 μg/m3, NH3; 554.05 ± 9.241 μg/m3, CH4; 15078.8 ± 10.74 μg/m3, O3; 17.464 ± 1.696 and VOC; 4.659 ± 1.059 μg/m3. The dominant pollutants were NO2, SO2, NH3 and CH4. These results raises concern on possible health risk on community dwellers while Igwuruta had higher levels than Aluu in NO2 and SO2 levels. It is therefore recommended among others, that gas to energy conversion approach is a readily available technology that can be used to curb the menance of environmental pollution due to gas flaring at the same time harnessing the commodity value of the associated gases currently being flared. Key words: criteria pollutants, reinforcement, Igwuruta, Aluu, health effects

Environmental and Hygienic Assessment of Ambient Air Pollution in Oil-Producing and Oil-Refining Areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan and Population Health Status

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Z.B. Baktybaeva ◽  
R.A. Suleymanov ◽  
T.K. Valeev ◽  
N.R. Rahmatullin ◽  
E.G. Stepanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
Total Suspended Particles

Introduction. High density of oil-producing and refining facilities in certain areas of Bashkortostan significantly affects the environment including ambient air quality in residential areas. Materials and methods. We analyzed concentrations of airborne toxicants (sulfur and nitrogen oxides, nitrogen and carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, xylenes, toluene, phenol and total suspended particles) and population health status in the cities of Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Blagoveshchensk, and the Tuymazinsky District in 2007–2016. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were used to establish possible relationships between medico-demographic indicators and air pollution. Results. Republican fuel and energy enterprises contributed the most to local air pollution levels. Gross emissions from such enterprises as Bashneft-Ufaneftekhim and Bashneft-Navoil reached 43.69–49.77 thousand tons of pollutants per year. The levels of some air pollutants exceeded their maximum permissible concentrations. Elevated concentrations of ammonia, total suspended particles, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide were registered most frequently. High rates of congenital abnormalities, respiratory diseases in infants (aged 0-1), general mortality and morbidity of the population were observed in some oil-producing and refining areas. The correlation analysis proved the relationship between the concentration of carbon monoxide and general disease rates in adults based on hospital admissions (r = 0.898), general incidence rates in children (r = 0.957), and blood disease rates in infants (r = 0.821). Respiratory diseases in children correlated with nitrogen dioxide emission levels (r = 0.899). Conclusions. Further development of oil-producing, petrochemical and oil-refining industries should be carried out taking into account socio-economic living conditions of the population.

scholarly journals Deployment, Calibration, and Cross-Validation of Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensors for Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Ozone for an Epidemiological Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4214
Author(s):  
Christopher Zuidema ◽  
Cooper S. Schumacher ◽  
Elena Austin ◽  
Graeme Carvlin ◽  
Timothy V. Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Study Participants

We designed and built a network of monitors for ambient air pollution equipped with low-cost gas sensors to be used to supplement regulatory agency monitoring for exposure assessment within a large epidemiological study. This paper describes the development of a series of hourly and daily field calibration models for Alphasense sensors for carbon monoxide (CO; CO-B4), nitric oxide (NO; NO-B4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2; NO2-B43F), and oxidizing gases (OX-B431)—which refers to ozone (O3) and NO2. The monitor network was deployed in the Puget Sound region of Washington, USA, from May 2017 to March 2019. Monitors were rotated throughout the region, including at two Puget Sound Clean Air Agency monitoring sites for calibration purposes, and over 100 residences, including the homes of epidemiological study participants, with the goal of improving long-term pollutant exposure predictions at participant locations. Calibration models improved when accounting for individual sensor performance, ambient temperature and humidity, and concentrations of co-pollutants as measured by other low-cost sensors in the monitors. Predictions from the final daily models for CO and NO performed the best considering agreement with regulatory monitors in cross-validated root-mean-square error (RMSE) and R2 measures (CO: RMSE = 18 ppb, R2 = 0.97; NO: RMSE = 2 ppb, R2 = 0.97). Performance measures for NO2 and O3 were somewhat lower (NO2: RMSE = 3 ppb, R2 = 0.79; O3: RMSE = 4 ppb, R2 = 0.81). These high levels of calibration performance add confidence that low-cost sensor measurements collected at the homes of epidemiological study participants can be integrated into spatiotemporal models of pollutant concentrations, improving exposure assessment for epidemiological inference.

Two dimensional MoS2 gas sensor to detect carbon monoxide (CO)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurabh Rawat ◽  
Priyanka Bamola ◽  
Charu Dwivedi ◽  
Himani Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Two Dimensional

Robust Environmental Sensing Using UAVs

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ahmed Boubrima ◽  
Edward W. Knightly
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Mission Planning ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Compound Pollution ◽  
Planning Algorithm

In this article, we first investigate the quality of aerial air pollution measurements and characterize the main error sources of drone-mounted gas sensors. To that end, we build ASTRO+, an aerial-ground pollution monitoring platform, and use it to collect a comprehensive dataset of both aerial and reference air pollution measurements. We show that the dynamic airflow caused by drones affects temperature and humidity levels of the ambient air, which then affect the measurement quality of gas sensors. Then, in the second part of this article, we leverage the effects of weather conditions on pollution measurements’ quality in order to design an unmanned aerial vehicle mission planning algorithm that adapts the trajectory of the drones while taking into account the quality of aerial measurements. We evaluate our mission planning approach based on a Volatile Organic Compound pollution dataset and show a high-performance improvement that is maintained even when pollution dynamics are high.

scholarly journals Field Study of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors in Temperature Cycled Operation for Selective VOC Monitoring in Indoor Air

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Tobias Baur ◽  
Johannes Amann ◽  
Caroline Schultealbert ◽  
Andreas Schütze
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
High Temporal Resolution

More and more metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors with digital interfaces are entering the market for indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring. These sensors are intended to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air, an important air quality factor. However, their standard operating mode often does not make full use of their true capabilities. More sophisticated operation modes, extensive calibration and advanced data evaluation can significantly improve VOC measurements and, furthermore, achieve selective measurements of single gases or at least types of VOCs. This study provides an overview of the potential and limits of MOS gas sensors for IAQ monitoring using temperature cycled operation (TCO), calibration with randomized exposure and data-based models trained with advanced machine learning. After lab calibration, a commercial digital gas sensor with four different gas-sensitive layers was tested in the field over several weeks. In addition to monitoring normal ambient air, release tests were performed with compounds that were included in the lab calibration, but also with additional VOCs. The tests were accompanied by different analytical systems (GC-MS with Tenax sampling, mobile GC-PID and GC-RCP). The results show quantitative agreement between analytical systems and the MOS gas sensor system. The study shows that MOS sensors are highly suitable for determining the overall VOC concentrations with high temporal resolution and, with some restrictions, also for selective measurements of individual components.

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