Optical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends

2021 ◽  
Vol 1020 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽  
Husen Nasrullah
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
New Products ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Astm Method ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Recycled Plastics ◽  
American Society ◽  
Plastic Pellets

Repetitive implementation of material value conservation (MVC) in plastic packaging may lead to good quality plastic waste and high acceptance for secondary recycling. This makes the obtained recycled plastic pellets has good quality and can be used as an alternative raw material for new products. However, treatments and processing in the recycling processes can lead to the degradation of material properties and disrupt the recycled plastics life cycle to be used for new products with high specifications. Recycled plastics are certainly cheaper than virgin plastics, but they have low properties, contaminated, and are only used for low-value products. Therefore, a solution is needed for this problem. This study proposed mixing recycled and virgin plastic pellets to improve recycled plastics whose optical properties have been subjected to quality degradation. A series of tests were carried out on specimens and tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The optical properties tested were transparency, gloss, and colour. This study revealed that optical properties had an increasing trend along with the large number of virgin plastic pellets added to the blends. The optimal composition was found in the 50:50 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets to the 70:30 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets. These findings can be useful in improving the optical properties of recycled plastics. In addition, the widespread implementation of MVC can improve the quality of plastic waste and strengthen its acceptance for secondary recycling.

Effect of Repetitive Recycling on the Optical Properties of Polypropylene Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 1032 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fachrizal ◽  
Tiara Verita Yastica ◽  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Plastic Packaging ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
American Society ◽  
Plastic Pellets

Good quality of plastic packaging waste has the potential to be recycled, as it can be used as raw material for the next packaging products. Recycling is preeminent due to the grave necessity of decreasing plastic production rate, especially for packaging industries which are known to use more plastic compared to other sectors. Material value conservation is a new paradigm which can be implemented through a new category of design for recycling in order to avoid value degradation. Implementations of this paradigm has produced better quality processed plastic waste with higher selling price. Applied with this paradigm, recycled plastic pellets can be a viable alternative as raw material based on its mechanical properties, even after the 8th stage of recycling. This study aims to reveal the effect of repetitive recycling on the optical properties of polypropylene with implementation of material value conservation paradigm, to strengthen previous evidence of the implementation of the material value conservation paradigm on plastic packaging whether repetitive recycling plastic packaging can be a viable alternative as raw material based on its optical properties. Optical properties observed in this research were based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, which are consisted of colour (ASTM D2244), gloss (ASTM D2457) and transparency (ASTM D1746). The result of this study indicated that even after the 8th stage of recycling, plastic pellet of polypropylene still can be a viable alternative as raw material based on its optical properties, with more attention on transparency property.

Mechanical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends

2020 ◽  
Vol 1015 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽  
Afifah Nadia Tiana
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Recycled Polypropylene ◽  
Recycled Plastics ◽  
Polypropylene Blends

Plastic packaging that applied material value conservation paradigm will generate good quality plastic waste. It can be recycled to produce raw material for new packaging. However, repetitive recycling has impacts on lowering its mechanical properties. Recycled plastic is expected not to undergo mechanical properties degradation. This research proposed to blend recycled plastic pellets with its virgin plastic to reduce mechanical properties degradation. Mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene are compared to 100% virgin polypropylene and recycled/virgin polypropylene blends with composition 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 10/90. Mechanical properties tested in this research are modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation at break, and density. All were tested according to ASTM for mechanical properties testing materials. This study revealed blending 50% virgin polypropylene significantly improves mechanical properties of recycled plastics and keep improving at 70% virgin polypropylene. The optimum improvement based on four mechanical properties was found at composition 30/70 of recycled/virgin plastic. Elongation at break is the most critical property where degradation was found at 90/10. Blending 6th recycled and virgin polypropylene gives opportunities to improve the mechanical properties of recycled plastic products with careful consideration of the compositions. By implementing material value conservation, good quality plastic waste can be recycled repetitively. This will decrease accumulation of plastic waste generation and usage of non-renewable plastic’s raw material. The positive impact is not only to economic of plastic industry but also to the quality of environment.

scholarly journals Effect of Dehydration Methods on Okra Chemical and Physical Composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francislaine S. dos Santos ◽  
Rossana M. F. de Figueirêdo ◽  
Alexandre J. de M. Queiroz ◽  
Thalis L. B. de Lima ◽  
Inacia S. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
New Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Perishable Items ◽  
Physical Composition ◽  
Low Solubility

The agricultural processing industry is continually working to meet consumer demand for new products, diversifying the supply of non-perishable items ready for consumption, conveniently prepared to maintain the main characteristics of the raw material. The objective of this work was to dehydrate whole okra by lyophilization and convective drying at 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C and to evaluate the influence of drying processes on the chemical and physical quality of powdered products. The powders had acceptable contents of lipids, sugars, proteins, pectin, chlorophyll and carotenoids, high hygroscopicity and low solubility. Lyophilization produced powders with characteristics closer to those of the fresh raw material. Regarding the contents of ashes, pectin, lipids and chlorophyll b, the samples obtained by convective drying showed characteristics close and even superior to those of the lyophilized powder.

Effect of Repetitive Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 1015 ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽  
Angga Ananditto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
American Society ◽  
Polypropylene Blends ◽  
Plastic Pellets

Contaminated plastic waste if undergo a mechanical recycling process will have a low value. This can be overcome by repetitive implementation of Material Value Conservation (MVC) through material purity protection from design stage to the end of the material life cycle. Repetition of recycling up to eight times caused degradation of mechanical properties of plastics by up to 20%. The repetition was done on a laboratory scale with pure polypropylene as raw material. This research was conducted to overcome the degradation of plastic properties by mixing recycled plastic pellets with virgin plastic in the most optimal proportion. Plastic blends with certain compositions were recycled up to 8 times, then its mechanical properties are tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. This research revealed the opportunities to utilize the 6th recycled plastic pellets by mixing it with virgin plastic to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, this research shows that repetitive recycling of plastic blends with the implementation of material value conservation (MVC) ​​could increase the value of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials and extend the life time of plastic materials.

Impact of Repetitive Recycling on Optical Properties of Virgin and Recycled Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 1020 ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽  
Roben Hotdysah Putra Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Colour Properties ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Recycled Polypropylene ◽  
American Society ◽  
Polypropylene Blends ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
The Impact

Implementation of material value conservation (MVC) needs to be proven through research to determine impact upon plastic properties such as optical properties of virgin plastic and recycled plastic blends. Optical properties such as colour, transparency and gloss are important parameters for appropriate quality of plastic packaging. Degradation of optical properties occurs during recycling processes of plastic materials and the declining properties of recycled products could be improved by blending them with virgin materials. This research aims to reveal the impact of repetitive recycling on optical properties of virgin and recycled polypropylene (PP) blends based on MVC paradigm. The first step of this research was to determine composition of virgin PP and recycled PP blends. Proportion of 70% virgin PP and 30% recycled PP was selected as a blend composition. The next step of this research was repetitive recycling of virgin PP and recycled PP blends with implementation of MVC up to the 8th recycling stage. The specimens of plastic blends were made from the 1st, 2nd, 4th and the 8th recycling stage and then their optical properties were tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. Generally, degradation level of optical properties will increase during the recycling processes. Testing results show a slightly change of colour properties. Degradation level of gloss properties is gradually increased by a maximum degradation level at the 8th recycling stage as 17.46%. However, transparency had a maximum degradation level at the 4th recycling stage as 20.93%. It means that the plastic blends can be used as viable raw materials based on their optical properties with more attention to the gloss. Furthermore, the implementation of MVC will provide more benefits through extending the life cycle of recycled products, reducing virgin plastic consumption, optimizing the use of plastic waste and reducing plastic waste generation.

scholarly journals Development of a small-scale plastic recycling technology and a special filament product for 3D printing

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-371
Author(s):  
Alaeddine Oussai ◽  
Zoltán Bártfai ◽  
László Kátai ◽  
István Szalkai
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Plastic Recycling ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Recycled Plastics ◽  
Electronic Parts

In our days, the fight against pollution has become a real challenge for the state. recycling is one of the solutions that is adopted in several nations to reduce the rate of plastic discarded in nature. The amount of plastic waste has been increasing for decades contributing to the environmental pollution that is one of the most serious problem of the mankind. according to the statistics not only the household plastic waste, but the industry discharge is increasing because the utilization of plastic as a raw material is more and more extending. plastic can be found in a lot of products, huge number of bottles, plastic bags, computers, auto parts are sold every day. The current applications for using recycled plastics in fabrication and design are fairly limited, on a small scale, plastics (such as abs, HDPe1, or Pe2t) are shredded and formed into pellets, and then either extruded into lament to be used in existing 3d printers, or injection molded into small parts and pieces of larger components. at a large scale, recycled HDpE is melted into sheets and either used directly as sheets in construction, or then heat formed from a sheet into components for construction. these methods of fabrication using recycled plastics are the norm because of their straightforward processes. nevertheless, each method leaves some complexity to be desired. This paper we study the types of plastics and diagnose the pollution caused by the latter. this allowed us to design and size a recycling station of plastic into filaments for three-dimensional printers. this station which will contribute to the fight against pollution. the station consists of two machines for grinding of the plastic and the other for the extrusion of the desired filaments. we were able to make a theoretical academic study on both machines and also we designed with solidworks 2015. The theoretical study is spread of the mechanical calculations necessary to the design and validation of the structure using the tools. as the prospect of this project, we want to complete the achievement of this station while completing the crusher and extruder mechanically. then switch to electric and electronic parts (introduction of engines, sensors and wiring...). In the case of waste plastics that are recyclable and reusable. the most widely used are polyethylene terephthalate (pet, used for synthetic fibers and water bottles), and second high-density polyethylene (hdpe, used for jugs, bottle caps, water pipes).

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN LIMBAH PLASTIK KRESEK SEBAGAI SUBSITUSI ASPAL PEN 60/70 TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK CAMPURAN LASTON AC – BC

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-748
Author(s):  
Suraya Fitri ◽  
Sofyan M. Saleh ◽  
Muhammad Isya
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Highway Construction ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Road ◽  
Bitumen Content ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
One Step

Abstract: Good asphalt concrete and good care are required for the highway construction, to support the road capabilities and to raise the quality of asphalt mixture, one step is by adding additives into the asphalt. Additive material used plastic bag waste, while Basalt stone used as material that is raw material from hills. Waste plastic bag can be used in various ways, one of them by adding plastic into an asphalt mixture. Mixing plastic waste into the highway construction has two aims, to minimize plastic waste and to improve the quality of roads. This study was conducted to determine the effect of plastic bag waste use as a substitution of Asphalt Pen 60/70 by using Basalt aggregate toward Marshall’s characteristics of asphalt concrete AC-BC mixture. Initial phase of this research was to calculate Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC). The addition of varied plastic bag waste as an additive respectively 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% in OBC-0.5, OBC, and OBC + 0.5 from the initial OBC of 5.35%. From the three OBCs, it was taken the highest value at OBC +0.5 of 3.3% for the production of test specimens in plastic OPC variation percentage of ± 2% by determining Marshall’s value and durability. Stability value continued to rise in the percentage of plastic bag waste content variation respectively 1.3%, 3.3%, and 5.3% by 1470.48 kg, kg 1476.28, and 1489.28 kg with 30 minutes immersion (temperature = 600C ) and 1286.42 kg, kg 1316.35, 1345.41 kg with a 24-hour immersion (temperature = 600C). This condition is caused by the additive content that is mixed with asphalt pen 60/70 in the mixture, it causes the adhesion of asphalt with aggregate become better until it reaches a certain value limit, which is at the limit of 5.3% with the best stability value of 1489.28 kg in the 30 minutes immersion and 1345.41 kg in 24-hour immersion. From the comparison of both stabilities, the obtained durability values were 99.84%, so that it met specifications for additive-added mixtures, ≥ 90%.Abstrak: Pembangunan konstruksi jalan raya diperlukan beton aspal yang baik dan perawatan yang baik pula, untuk mendukung kemampuan jalan tersebut dan menaikan mutu campuran beraspal salah satunya dengan menambahkan bahan aditif kedalam aspal.. bahan aditif digunakan limbah plastik kresek, sedangkan untuk material digunakan batuan Basalt yang merupakan bahan baku dari gunung. Limbah sampah plastik ini bisa dimanfaatkan dengan berbagai cara, salah satunya dengan cara menambahkan plastik kedalam suatu campuran aspal. Mencampur sampah plastik kedalam kontruksi jalan raya mempunyai dua tujuan, yaitu meminimalkan sampah plastik dan meningkatkan kualitas jalan. Penelitian ini Tujuan Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemakaian limbah plastik kresek sebagai subsitusi Aspal Pen 60/70 dengan menggunakan agregat bassalt terhadap karakteristik Marshall campuran aspal beton AC-BC. Tahapan awal penelitian adalah mencari Kadar Aspal Optimum (KAO). Penambahan variasi kantong plastik bekas sebagai aditif secara berturut-turut yaitu 2%, 4%, 6%, dan 8% pada KAO-0,5, KAO dan KAO+0,5 dari KAO awal 5,35%. Dari ketiga KAO tersebut diambil nilai yang tertinggi yaitu pada KAO+0,5 sebesar 3,3% untuk pembuatan benda uji pada persentase variasi plastik KPO ±2% dengan mendapatkan nilai marshall dan durabilitas. Nilai stabilitas terus meningkat pada persentase variasi kadar plastic bekas 1,3%, 3,3% dan 5,3% masing-masing sebesar 1470,48kg, 1476,28kg, dan 1489,28kg dengan rendaman 30 menit (suhu 600C) dan1286,42kg, 1316,35kg, 1345,41kg dengan rendaman 24 jam (suhu 600C). Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh kandungan dalam aditif yang bercampur dengan aspal pen 60/70 di dalam campuran menyebabkan daya lekat aspal dengan aregat menjadi lebih baik hingga mencapai batas nilai tertentu, yaitu pada batas 5,3% dengan nilai stabilitas terbaik yaitu sebesar 1489,28kg pada rendaman 30 menit dan sebesar 1345,41kg pada rendaman 24 jam. Dari perbandingan ke dua stabilitas tersebut maka diperoleh nilai durabilitas sebesar 99,84% sehingga telah memenuhi spesifikasi untuk campuran yang ditambahkan aditif, yaitu sebesar ≥ 90%.

scholarly journals The influence of the usage of Idpe plastic waste as fine aggregate in light concrete bricks

2019 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Nursyamsi Nursyamsi ◽  
Ivan Indrawan ◽  
Prasetyo Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Composition Materials ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Plastic Pellets

It has been a long time that red bricks become the raw material for wall compilers. As the era develops, the bricks that are light, easy to compile and not time-consuming in manufacturing are invented. The composition materials for the building blocks are cement, sand and water. In this study, the use of sand in the bricks is reduced with LDPE plastic pellets. The reason for the use of LDPE plastic pellets as substitution of plastic materials is that LDPE plastic pellets have smaller density than sand does, so that it is expected that the brick becomes lighter although consists of the same composition and it can also reduce environmental problems as LDPE plastic waste is difficult to be decomposed by nature but gradually produced by humans that results in excessive waste The LDPE plastic pellets utilized are used LDPE plastics that are recycled into plastic pellets. The sample in this study consists of cylinder with diameter of 15 cm and height of 30 cm as sample of trial mixes test, concrete bricks with size of 40 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm, cube with size of 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm and briquette. The trial mixes samples will be treated for 7 days and the brick, cube and briquette samples will be treated for 28 days prior to testing. Furthermore, the sample will be tested with visual, content weight, absorption, compressive strength and drag strength tests. The data analysis uses SNI 03-0349-1989 reference on Concrete Bricks as The Matching Composition for Walls. This study used a mixture of cement, sand and water with ratio of 1: 6: 0.24, this composition was obtained from experiments on several specified compositions. The composition of substitute of plastic pellets used is 20% to the sand, the composition of this substitution is obtained from the experiments on several specified compositions. From the visual appearance, the content weight and absorption, both of normal brick and 20% LDPE pellets are included in the quality I, while the compressive strength test against the sample of normal brick results in quality I and 20% LDPE pellets brick results in quality III.

Plastic Packaging Material Value Conservation and Evident of the Consumers’ Acceptance

2018 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽  
Dadang Isnandar ◽  
Andreanos Jeremia
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Plastic Packaging ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Plastic Pellets

Virgin plastic pellets are widely used as raw materials in flexible plastic packaging which generate abundant postconsumer plastic waste. The widespread use of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials will reduce plastic waste generation significantly. However, substitution of virgin materials need high quality of recycled plastic pellets which produced from good quality of plastic waste. Design for material value conservation in this case study was a trial implementation of design principles of plastic bag in order to minimize its value degradation of plastic waste, and therefore increase its acceptance by plastic recycling industries. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Lisrel 8.8 software used as tool of analysis in evaluating consumer acceptance of the two types of design paradigm, current design and material value conservation based design. The results indicated that consumers accepted both type of packaging. With final standard factor loading, the proposed design indicated slightly better correlation coefficients: 0.46 for Ease of Information Delivery and 0.74 for Informational Content variables, better than current design with 0.44 and 0.73 coefficients. Widespread implementation of design for material value conservation will save virgin plastic consumption for plastic packaging production, reduce plastic waste generation as well as support material resource conservation in a better condition of environment. The social and economic benefit will also be obtained as multiplier effect of material value conservation.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Commercial Recycled Polypropylene from Plastic Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Utami Handayani ◽  
Muhamad Fahrudin ◽  
Wiji Mangestiyono ◽  
Alaya Fadlu Hadi Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Stress ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Recycled Polypropylene ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Plastic Pellets

In Indonesia increasing the use of plastic will increase plastic waste because waste management in Indonesia is still poor. Plastics can be recycled and used to make plastic bags, toys and various household utensils, but their use is still very limited. This limitation is because the strength of recycled plastic is not as good as virgin plastic pellets, so the resulting product tends to be brittle. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of plastics made from recycled polypropylene plastic. Five specimens are made according to the ASTM D 638 type II standard. The results show that yield strength is 16.357±2.65 MPa, elastic modulus 295,926 ± 41,97 MPa and ultimate tensile stress 19,701±1,261 MPa. The yield stress of recycled polypropylene has a lower value than the yield stress on recycled polypropylene studied by Abdelhaleem et.al or Barbosa et.al which is around 21 MPa[7][5]. This difference is possible due to the different quality of raw materials and processing.

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