Effect of Repetitive Recycling on the Optical Properties of Polypropylene Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm

Good quality of plastic packaging waste has the potential to be recycled, as it can be used as raw material for the next packaging products. Recycling is preeminent due to the grave necessity of decreasing plastic production rate, especially for packaging industries which are known to use more plastic compared to other sectors. Material value conservation is a new paradigm which can be implemented through a new category of design for recycling in order to avoid value degradation. Implementations of this paradigm has produced better quality processed plastic waste with higher selling price. Applied with this paradigm, recycled plastic pellets can be a viable alternative as raw material based on its mechanical properties, even after the 8th stage of recycling. This study aims to reveal the effect of repetitive recycling on the optical properties of polypropylene with implementation of material value conservation paradigm, to strengthen previous evidence of the implementation of the material value conservation paradigm on plastic packaging whether repetitive recycling plastic packaging can be a viable alternative as raw material based on its optical properties. Optical properties observed in this research were based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, which are consisted of colour (ASTM D2244), gloss (ASTM D2457) and transparency (ASTM D1746). The result of this study indicated that even after the 8th stage of recycling, plastic pellet of polypropylene still can be a viable alternative as raw material based on its optical properties, with more attention on transparency property.

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Impact of Plastic Labelling, Coloring and Printing on Material Value Conservation in the Products of Secondary Recycling

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.384 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 773 ◽

pp. 384-389

Author(s):

Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽

Jimmy Maulana

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Plastic Material ◽

Selling Price ◽

Waste Generation ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Plastic Packaging ◽

Relevant Evidence ◽

Printing Ink ◽

Plastic Pellets

Flexible plastic packaging which rejected or with low acceptance as raw materials for secondary recycling need relevant evidence and explanation of its cause, and then, need a systemic solution on how to increase the acceptance level. Coloring and printing on flexible plastic packaging were predicted as the significant source of impurity that reduces the value of plastic material at the end of packaging life cycle. Otherwise, optimum use of label or sticker as printing media for informational and promotional purpose on the packaging proposed as a key solution in material value conservation. The existing practices which focused on how to manage abundant plastic waste generation, replaced by a new paradigm which focused on how avoid waste generation by conserving the material value systematically. This research revealed that flexible plastic packaging materials with no color pigment and no printing ink were suitable for secondary recycling to produce high quality of recycled plastic pellets and leverage the selling price. Therefore, labelling on the surface of packaging that protect purity of the material can be considered as one of methods in the implementation of material value conservation on flexible plastic packaging. Another benefits of the implementation of material value conservation are to improve the utilization of virgin plastic and its recycled plastic pellets as raw materials with better quality.

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Optical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.199 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1020 ◽

pp. 199-205

Author(s):

Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽

Husen Nasrullah

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

New Products ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Raw Material ◽

Astm Method ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Recycled Plastics ◽

American Society ◽

Plastic Pellets

Repetitive implementation of material value conservation (MVC) in plastic packaging may lead to good quality plastic waste and high acceptance for secondary recycling. This makes the obtained recycled plastic pellets has good quality and can be used as an alternative raw material for new products. However, treatments and processing in the recycling processes can lead to the degradation of material properties and disrupt the recycled plastics life cycle to be used for new products with high specifications. Recycled plastics are certainly cheaper than virgin plastics, but they have low properties, contaminated, and are only used for low-value products. Therefore, a solution is needed for this problem. This study proposed mixing recycled and virgin plastic pellets to improve recycled plastics whose optical properties have been subjected to quality degradation. A series of tests were carried out on specimens and tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The optical properties tested were transparency, gloss, and colour. This study revealed that optical properties had an increasing trend along with the large number of virgin plastic pellets added to the blends. The optimal composition was found in the 50:50 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets to the 70:30 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets. These findings can be useful in improving the optical properties of recycled plastics. In addition, the widespread implementation of MVC can improve the quality of plastic waste and strengthen its acceptance for secondary recycling.

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Repetitive Implementation of Material Value Conservation and its Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Plastic Recycling Products

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.936.116 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 936 ◽

pp. 116-120

Author(s):

Rahmat Nurcahyo ◽

Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽

Wakhid L. Ikhsan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Plastic Packaging ◽

Plastic Recycling ◽

Design Activities ◽

Contaminated Waste ◽

American Society ◽

Plastic Pellets

Impurity and contaminated waste of flexible plastic packaging will not be viable as raw materials for secondary recycling. This problem could be avoided by repetitive implementation of material value conservation through material purity protection since the product design activities up to the end of packaging life cycle. This paradigm also creates new sequential life cycles of products rather than once when only virgin materials were used as raw materials. With repetitive implementation of material value conservation and serial testing in a polymer laboratory, a type of virgin plastic pellet recycled up to the 8th stage of secondary recycling, and then the mechanical properties of materials tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. This research revealed that flexible plastic packaging materials that managed by Material Value Conservation (MVC) implementations were suitable for secondary recycling in producing the viable quality of recycled plastic pellets in mechanical properties measures, and leverage the potential of virgin plastic pellets utilization. Because of MVC implementations protected the purity of materials intensively, and then increased the value of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials for the new life cycle of plastic products.

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Effect of Repetitive Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.70 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1015 ◽

pp. 70-75

Author(s):

Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽

Angga Ananditto

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Life Time ◽

Raw Material ◽

Design Stage ◽

Mechanical Recycling ◽

Plastic Properties ◽

American Society ◽

Polypropylene Blends ◽

Plastic Pellets

Contaminated plastic waste if undergo a mechanical recycling process will have a low value. This can be overcome by repetitive implementation of Material Value Conservation (MVC) through material purity protection from design stage to the end of the material life cycle. Repetition of recycling up to eight times caused degradation of mechanical properties of plastics by up to 20%. The repetition was done on a laboratory scale with pure polypropylene as raw material. This research was conducted to overcome the degradation of plastic properties by mixing recycled plastic pellets with virgin plastic in the most optimal proportion. Plastic blends with certain compositions were recycled up to 8 times, then its mechanical properties are tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. This research revealed the opportunities to utilize the 6th recycled plastic pellets by mixing it with virgin plastic to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, this research shows that repetitive recycling of plastic blends with the implementation of material value conservation (MVC) could increase the value of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials and extend the life time of plastic materials.

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PENINGKATAN NILAI TAMBAH PENGRAJIN DUPA DESA PETUNGSEWU KECAMATAN WAGIR KABUPATEN MALANG

Jurnal Terapan Abdimas ◽

10.25273/jta.v4i1.3800 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Endi Sarwoko ◽

Iva Nurdiana ◽

Mohammad Ahsan

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Community Service ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Value Added ◽

Online Marketing ◽

Raw Material ◽

Selling Price ◽

Product Packaging ◽

The People

Abstract, Petungsewu Village, Wagir District, Malang Regency is one of the villages where most of the people are incensed craftsmen, but the incense produced is semi-finished incense or raw incense. The problem faced by incense craftsmen is that the selling price of semi-finished incense tends to decline from year to year, the limited bamboo raw material even has to be imported from other areas, only producing semi-finished incense (raw). The aim of the activity is to increase the value added of incense products, and increase people's income by selling incense products with brand packaging. The method of implementing the activity is to diversify the product by training and mentoring in making incense, product packaging training and quality control, online marketing training, utilizing incense making technology. As a result of community service activities, the community is able to produce fragrant incense packaged and branded and has been sold. Besides that, by utilizing incense bamboo making technology, the production capacity of incense biting production increased, the quality of the bamboo produced was more uniform, so the problem of limited incense material could be overcome.Keywords: Craftsmen, Value Added, Training Abstrak, Desa Petungsewu Kecamatan Wagir Kabupaten Malang adalah salah satu desa yang sebagian besar masyarakatnya adalah pengrajin dupa, tetapi dupa yang dihasilkan adalah dupa setengah jadi atau dupa mentah. Permasalahan yang dihadapi para pengrajin dupa adalah harga jual dupa setengah jadi cenderung turun dari tahun ke tahun, keterbatasan bahan baku biting bahkan harus didatangkan dari di daerah lain, hanya memproduksi dupa setengah jadi (mentah). Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah produk dupa, dan peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dengan menjual produk dupa jadi dengan kemasan merek. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan adalah melakukan diversifikasi produk dengan pelatihan dan pendampingan membuat dupa wangi, pelatihan pengemasan produk dan quality control, dan pelatihan pemasaran online, pemanfaatan teknologi pembuatan biting dupa. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian, masyarakat mampu menghasilkan dupa wangi yang dikemas dan diberi merek dan sudah mulai dijual. Selain itu dengan pemanfaatan teknologi pembuatan biting dupa, kapasitas produksi pembuatan biting dupa meningkat, kualitas biting yang dihasilkan lebih seragam, sehingga permasalahan keterbatasan bahan biting dupa dapat diatasi.Kata Kunci: Dupa Wangi, Nilai Tambah, Pelatihan

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Plastic Packaging Material Value Conservation and Evident of the Consumers’ Acceptance

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.390 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 773 ◽

pp. 390-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Djoko Sihono Gabriel ◽

Dadang Isnandar ◽

Andreanos Jeremia

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Factor Loading ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Waste Generation ◽

Plastic Packaging ◽

Current Design ◽

Plastic Pellets

Virgin plastic pellets are widely used as raw materials in flexible plastic packaging which generate abundant postconsumer plastic waste. The widespread use of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials will reduce plastic waste generation significantly. However, substitution of virgin materials need high quality of recycled plastic pellets which produced from good quality of plastic waste. Design for material value conservation in this case study was a trial implementation of design principles of plastic bag in order to minimize its value degradation of plastic waste, and therefore increase its acceptance by plastic recycling industries. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Lisrel 8.8 software used as tool of analysis in evaluating consumer acceptance of the two types of design paradigm, current design and material value conservation based design. The results indicated that consumers accepted both type of packaging. With final standard factor loading, the proposed design indicated slightly better correlation coefficients: 0.46 for Ease of Information Delivery and 0.74 for Informational Content variables, better than current design with 0.44 and 0.73 coefficients. Widespread implementation of design for material value conservation will save virgin plastic consumption for plastic packaging production, reduce plastic waste generation as well as support material resource conservation in a better condition of environment. The social and economic benefit will also be obtained as multiplier effect of material value conservation.

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Effect of Hairiness on Fabric Colour Characteristics

Tekstilec ◽

10.14502/tekstilec2020.64.276-286 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 276-286

Author(s):

Kateryna Smykalo ◽

◽

Oksana Zakora ◽

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Human Perception ◽

Raw Material ◽

Colour Difference ◽

Textile Materials ◽

Textile Dyeing ◽

Colour Changes ◽

Cielab Colour ◽

Colour Appearance

Designing the colour appearance of textiles requires taking into account their surface properties, hairiness among others. The villi protruding on the surface not only affect the quality of textile dyeing, but also largely determine its optical properties and the colour phenomenon. The analysis of studies of optical properties shows that the influence of hairiness on the phenomenon of colour is not well understood and that the amount of hairiness at which colour changes become significant for human perception remains indefinable. In this work, we studied the change in colour characteristics depending on the change in the hairiness of woollen fabrics, comparing “yarn – raw fabric”, “yarn – raised fabric”, “raw fabric – raised fabric”. Hairiness was estimated by the hairiness index, which was obtained from the analysis of sample microphotographs of yarn and fabric using software. The value of colour characteristics (lightness, chroma and colour difference) was measured in the CIELAB colour space (1976) using a spectrophotometer. The obtained experimental results showed that the changes in lightness and saturation of textile materials from the index of its hairiness are directly proportional. However, the value of changes is different for raw and napped fabrics, undyed and dyed samples, the initial colour hue and raw material composition also making certain adjustments. This study analysed the colour difference and established the level of variation in hairiness at which the colour mismatch between woollen fabrics becomes visually noticeable. The results of the study can be used to predict the colour and design the optical properties of fabrics for weaving and finishing.

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Paper Pulp Raw Material Supply in The Future-Research on Improvement of Production and Quality of Wood Biomass-

JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL ◽

10.2524/jtappij.59.88 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 88-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takashi Hibino

Keyword(s):

Raw Material ◽

Future Research ◽

Paper Pulp ◽

Wood Biomass ◽

Material Supply ◽

The Future

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TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH QUALITY RAW MATERIAL OBTAINING FOR PECTIN PRODUCTION

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2019/6/47-50 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

I. A. Ilina ◽

I. A. Machneva ◽

E. S. Bakun

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Quality ◽

Temperature Conductivity ◽

Drying Temperature ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Gel Forming Ability

The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.

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