The Evolution of Gasses in Fire Suppression Systems to Promote Changes in Industrial Towards Global Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 1025 ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
Jum’azulhisham bin Abdul Shukor ◽  
Rahim Jamian ◽  
Azmi Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Al Hapis Abdul Razak
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Clean Agent ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fundamental Equations ◽  
In Fire

The historical development of fire suppression technology evolved in the 1930s since the application of Halons as a fire extinguishing agent. The fire may cause tremendous losses to organizations. It affects the chain of businesses and the stability of the economic growth of a country. The key issues of greenhouse effects and safety and health as well contributes to the sudden change of the technology of fire extinguishing systems. The establishment of the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocols controls the producers to develop, supply and use of environmentally hazardous gasses worldwide. Hence, promote global sustainable for upcoming generations. This paper is highlighting the reasons gas type fire extinguishing agents extensively used substituting conventional methods against fire. The fundamental equations of Ozone Depleting Potential and Global Warming Potential were properly discussed to show how severe these gasses exposed to the environment. The effectiveness of these gases as a clean agent in extinguishing the fire may convince prospect users to carry out the decision of changes. Potential extinguishing agents will be deliberated to investigate their needs as new fire suppression agents. It will be then to be suggested and recommended for further studies.

New techniques and a new approach to the effective extinguishing of fully developed fires in enclosed spaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Norbert Tuśnio ◽  
Paweł Wolny
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Abrasive Waterjet ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
In Fire

An example of modern water mist extinguishing technology is presented in the article. Water mist systems are firefighting systems which uses very fine water sprays. The smallest water droplets allow a water mist to control, suppress or extinguish fires by cooling both the flame and hot gases by evaporation, displacing oxygen by evaporation and reducing radiant heat through the small droplets themselves. The effectiveness of water mist systems in fire suppression depends on its spray characteristics, which include the droplet size and distribution, flux density and spray dynamics, phase of fire development, fire size and the ventilation conditions. The COBRA (known as PyroLance in USA) systems presented use of a cutting extinguisher is a fire extinguishing technique that combines abrasive waterjet cutting with water spray extinguishing, through a single handpiece or nozzle. The firefighter approaches the fire from outside the main fire area, then uses the cutting action to drill a small hole through a barrier such as a door, wall, roof or floor. Switching to a water spray then allows the fire to be fought, as with a conventional fog nozzle. An analysis of the benefits of using high-pressure water mist in conjunction with new firefighting tactics is described. State Fire Service should aim to minimize water consumption and thus reduce the post-fire losses, take care of environmental protection and improve safety conditions for firefighters.

scholarly journals RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Dejan Ristić ◽  
Milan Blagojević ◽  
Nermin Haznadarević ◽  
Milena Simić
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fault Tree ◽  
Fault Tree Analysis ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
System Failure ◽  
Event Tree ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Alarm Systems ◽  
In Fire

The methods of fault tree and event tree are well-known methods for reliability analysis of technical systems. However, these methods are rarely applied in fire protection systems including fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing systems. The aim of this paper is to use the hypothetical values of event probability, obtained through qualitative fault tree analysis, in order to obtain results that would indicate which individual events cause sprinkler system failure and which events are the most significant for, or contribute the most to, sprinkler system failure.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Water Mist Fire Suppression for Cooking Fog Discharge Pipe

2014 ◽  
Vol 915-916 ◽  
pp. 356-361
Author(s):  
Zheng Wen Xie
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Orthogonal Design ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Droplet Radius ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Injection Angle ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Flow Quantity

FDS simulation software was used to establish the full size lampblack physics model of single wind pipe, using the orthogonal design method design of analog calculation conditions, research in the nozzle pressure, the droplet radius, nozzle, flow quantity and injection angle parameters under different conditions of water mist fire extinguishing effect. Based on a full-scale combustion and water mist fire extinguishing experiment, the water mist fire suppression was observed and test analysis etc, to better understand the flue water mist fire extinguishing feasibility, provides the theory basis for the design of efficient, reliable flue fire extinguishing system.

scholarly journals Drone Swarms in Fire Suppression Activities: A Conceptual Framework

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Elena Ausonio ◽  
Patrizia Bagnerini ◽  
Marco Ghio
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Scrub ◽  
In Fire

The recent huge technological development of unmanned aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can provide breakthrough means of fighting wildland fires. We propose an innovative forest firefighting system based on the use of a swarm of hundreds of UAVs able to generate a continuous flow of extinguishing liquid on the fire front, simulating the effect of rain. Automatic battery replacement and extinguishing liquid refill ensure the continuity of the action. We illustrate the validity of the approach in Mediterranean scrub first computing the critical water flow rate according to the main factors involved in the evolution of a fire, then estimating the number of linear meters of active fire front that can be extinguished depending on the number of drones available and the amount of extinguishing fluid carried. A fire propagation cellular automata model is also employed to study the evolution of the fire. Simulation results suggest that the proposed system can provide the flow of water required to fight low-intensity and limited extent fires or to support current forest firefighting techniques.

scholarly journals Extreme Wildfire occurrence in response to Global Change type Droughts in the Northern Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Ruffault ◽  
Thomas Curt ◽  
Nicolas K. Martin St-Paul ◽  
Vincent Moron ◽  
Ricardo M. Trigo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Wildfire Occurrence ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Mediterranean France

Abstract. Increasing drought conditions under global warming are expected to alter the frequency and distribution of large, high intensity wildfires. Yet, little is known regarding how it will affect fire weather and translate into wildfire behaviour. Here, we analysed the climatology of extreme wildfires that occurred during the exceptionally dry summers of 2003 and 2016 in Mediterranean France. We identified two distinct shifts in fire climatology towards fire weather spaces that had not been explored before, and which result from specific interactions between the types of drought and the types of fire. In 2016, a long-lasting press drought intensified wind-driven fires. In 2003, a hot drought combining a heatwave with a press drought intensified heat-driven fires. Our findings highlight that increasing drought conditions projected by climate change scenarios might affect the dryness of fuel compartments and create several new generations of wildfire overwhelming fire suppression capacities.

Compliance Committees and Recent Multilateral Environmental Agreements: The Canadian Experience with Their Negotiation and Operation

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 91-142
Author(s):  
Hugh Adsett ◽  
Anne Daniel ◽  
Masud Husain ◽  
Ted L. McDorman
Keyword(s):  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
Basel Convention ◽  
Multilateral Environmental Agreements ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
Canadian Experience ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Cartagena Protocol ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Lrtap Convention

SummaryIn order to enhance and encourage compliance with obligations in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), states have agreed to the creation of compliance committees for all of the recent MEAs. Canada has been a strong supporter of the compliance committee experiment and an active participant in the negotiation and operation of numerous MEA compliance committees. This article does three things. First, it examines the international legal nature of the MEA compliance committees. Second, the key issues of the structure of the committees are explored. Finally, the article look at the development and operation of compliance committees pursuant to: the Montreal Protocol; the LRTAP Convention; the Espoo Convention; the Basel Convention; the Cartagena Protocol; the Rotterdam Convention; the Stockholm Convention; and the Protocol to the London Dumping Convention.

scholarly journals Machinery Space Fire Fighting – Modern Alternatives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Goode
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Small Craft ◽  
Accidental Discharge ◽  
Fire Suppressant ◽  
Machinery Space

Machinery spaces in the majority of Royal Navy (RN) vessels use carbon dioxide (CO2) as the primary fire suppressant. While CO2 is very effective for firefighting, particularly in machinery space application, it is harmful to life in the concentrations required for effective fire suppression; exposure to concentrations greater than 15% can cause death within sixty seconds. The use of CO2 and similar fire suppressant systems in machinery spaces presents a risk due to the potential exposure of personnel. This may occur in a fire scenario where personnel are unable to escape the affected compartment, if there is a leak in the system, or due to accidental discharge. These risks are typically mitigated through physical means and procedural controls. However, in the hierarchy of safety controls the primary means should always be the elimination of the hazard. Babcock Energy and Marine undertook a study for the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence (MoD) into alternative methods of firefighting on Royal Navy minor warship machinery spaces with the safety of personnel considered a key requirement. The study identified five alternatives to CO2 available on the market. One particular aerosol fire suppression system was found to be superior to the others for application in small craft. This system is not toxic, non-ozone depleting and leaves almost no residue after application to the affected space, enabling re-entry (provided that the space has been ventilated to remove the products of combustion). The study concluded that traditional methods of fire suppression should be reconsidered across all small craft due to the health and safety issues associated with CO2 and the availability of improved alternatives. This paper considers the use of traditional firefighting systems on naval vessels in light of 21st century health and safety regulations. An assessment of current fire extinguishing agents is presented followed by a case study to determine the most appropriate solution for a minor warship concept with a particular aerosol system being justified as the preferred option. The paper also considers if the same conclusions would be reached for major warships or if the difference in scale results in an alternative solution.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF EXISTING STRUCTURES: RELIABILITY BASED ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK, EXAMPLES AND APPLICATION

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Luc Schueremans ◽  
Dionys Van Gemert
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Framework ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Surface Splines ◽  
Model Response ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Reliability Methods ◽  
Reliability Algorithms ◽  
The Stability

Safety, reliability and risk are key issues in the preservation of our built, cultural heritage. Several structural collapses make us aware of the vulnerability of our technical and natural environment and demand an adequate engineering response. In the analysis phase, an objective way to assess the safety of the structure is essential. The present raises the need for a reliability based assessment framework for existing masonry structures. Although this field of research is relatively young, different techniques have been proposed and optimised. These permit to calculate the global probability of failure of complex structures, relying on deterministic techniques able to calculate the stability state for a prescribed set of parameters. This paper illustrates how these techniques can be a valid tool to evaluate the bearing capacity of existing structures. Focus is on reliability methods based on simulation procedures (Monte Carlo, Directional Sampling), combined with an adaptive meta‐model (Response Surface, Splines, Neural Networks). Several benchmark examples demonstrate the applicability of the methodology. The mutual efficiency of the different reliability algorithms is discussed. The application focuses on the assessment of an existing masonry structure. The overall stability of a Romanesque city wall of Leuven (B) is studied in detail. The analysis treats the present safety of the city wall, regarding the uncertainties in load, geometry and resistance. Because of the low degree of safety of several parts of the wall, consolidation measures and strengthening techniques are proposed.

The Experimental Study on the Fire Suppression Effectiveness of Water Mist with the FeCl2 Additives

2013 ◽  
Vol 790 ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Chen Jian ◽  
Xu Yan Ying ◽  
Wang Na
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Additive Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fire Source ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Nozzle Position

This paper presents an experimental study of fire suppression effectiveness with water mist containing FeCl2 additives.The investigation focuses on suppression effectiveness under various FeCl2 additives concentrations,working pressures and nozzle different height above the fire source . The experimental results show that: there is a significant impact on fire suppression effectiveness when adding FeCl2 to water mist. There is an optimum additive concentration of extinguishing fire, corresponding to the shortest extinguishing time, the least amount of water, the highest efficiency of extinguishing fire. The nozzle working pressures and nozzle position have effect on the performance of the water mist extinguishing: the greater the pressure is, the shorter water mist fire extinguishing time is. Under the same experimental conditions, the closer the water mist nozzles are to the oil pan, the shorter extinguishing time is.

Application of Clean Agents in Fire Suppression Systems: An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 315-330
Author(s):  
Abdul Shukor Jum’azulhisham ◽  
Abdul Razak Muhammad Al-Hapis ◽  
Hassan Azmi ◽  
Jamian Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Suppression Systems
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