Effects of Core Material on Extrudability of Cu/Pure Al, Cu/Al3003 Clad Composites by Indirect Extrusion

2005 ◽  
Vol 475-479 ◽  
pp. 967-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taek Kyun Jung ◽  
Hyouk Chon Kwon ◽  
Sung Chul Lim ◽  
Young Sup Lee ◽  
Mok Soon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Layer ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Extrusion Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Diffusion Layer Thickness ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sheath Material

We investigated about the effects of core material(Pure Al, Al3003) on extrudability such as the maximum extrusion ratio and the bonding strength of Copper Clad Aluminum(CCA) by indirect extrusion. As a results of this experiment, the maximum extrusion ratio of Cu/Al3003 was 38, which was larger than 21.39 of Cu/Al(Cu/pure Al). It was because that the difference of flow stress between copper as the sheath material and Al3003 as the core material was smaller than that of between copper and pure aluminum under the same extrusion temperature of 623K. The bonding strength gradually increased when the extrusion ratio increased, on the other hand, the bonding strength of Cu/Al3003 was higher than that of Cu/Al under same extrusion conditions. The diffusion layer thickness that affected bonding strength was not affected by the kind of core material, but it gradually increased when the extrusion ratio increased. It was thought that Cu/Al3003 had a more intimate diffusion layer than Cu/Al had because the extrusion pressure of Cu/Al3003 was higher than that of Cu/Al under the same extrusion conditions.

Fabrication of Copper Clad Aluminum Wire (CCAW) by Indirect Extrusion and Drawing

2004 ◽  
Vol 449-452 ◽  
pp. 317-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyouk Chon Kwon ◽  
Taek Kyun Jung ◽  
Sung Chul Lim ◽  
Mok Soon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Extrusion Ratio ◽  
Extrusion Temperature ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Aluminum Wire ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sheath Material

The optimized extrusion conditions from the present research were the extrusion temperature of 573~623K and the extrusion ratio(A0/A) of 21.39. Above the extrusion temperature of 623K, the fracture of sheath material was observed. It is due to the difference of flow stress between the sheath material and the core material during extrusion process. The bonding strength increased with increasing the extrusion temperature and the extrusion ratio. The bonding strength increased with increasing the annealing temperature. However, over 573K, it decreased abruptly since the thick and brittle intermetallic compounds of larger than 3µm were formed. The electricalconductivity of copper clad aluminum wire was about 70%IACS without annealing.

Extrudability and Bonding Strength of Copper Clad Aluminum Alloy Composites Produced by Indirect Extrusion Process

2007 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 417-420
Author(s):  
Hyouk Chon Kwon ◽  
Taek Kyun Jung ◽  
Jang Won Kang ◽  
H.J. Lee ◽  
K.H. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Diffusion Layer ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Extrusion Ratio ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Surface Fracture ◽  
Sem Observation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sheath Material

This paper described extrudability and bonding strength of copper (TPC) clad aluminum alloy (pure Al, Al3003, Al5005, and Al7072) composites produced by indirect extrusion at 350°C with extrusion ratio of 21.39. Conical typed die with semi angle of 30°. Carbon oil was used to reduce the friction between billet/sleeve and billet/die. Maximum extrusion pressure was estimated to 491MPa for the Cu/Al, 714MPa for the Cu/Al3003, 820MPa for the Cu/Al5005, and 743MPa for the Cu/Al7072 alloy composites. No surface fracture was observed. From SEM observation, diffusion layer between the sheath material and the core material of extruded composites is observed and its thickness was measured to about 1.5㎛. The bonding strength was estimated to 65MPa for the Cu/Al, 89.3MPa for the Cu/Al3003, 70MPa for the Cu/Al5005, and 75MPa for the Cu/Al7072 alloy composites.

Manipulated Agents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred R. Mele
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Historical Difference

Thought experiments featuring manipulated agents and designed agents have played a significant role in the literature on moral responsibility. What can we learn from thought experiments of this kind about the nature of moral responsibility? That is this book’s primary question. An important lesson lies at the core of its answer: Moral responsibility for actions has a historical dimension of a certain kind. A pair of agents whose current nonhistorical properties are very similar and who perform deeds of the same kind may nevertheless be such that one is morally responsible for the deed whereas the other is not, and what makes the difference is a difference in how they came to be as they are at that time—that is, a historical difference. Imagine that each of these agents attempts to assassinate someone. Depending on the details of the cases, it may be that one of these agents is morally responsible for the attempt whereas the other is not, because one of them was manipulated in a certain way into being in the psychological state that issues in the behavior whereas the other agent came to be in that state under his own steam. A variety of thought experiments are considered. They include stories about agents whose value systems are radically altered by manipulators, vignettes featuring agents who are built from scratch, and scenarios in which agents magically come into being with full psychological profiles.

Actually and in fact in American English: a data-based analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun-Young Oh
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Core Meaning

Actually and in fact have been generally regarded as interchangeable without leading to any significant differences in the meaning of the containing utterances: as a result, no serious attempt has been made to discover potential differences between the two. The present study focuses on the differences as well as the similarities between actually and in fact in their distribution and use in spoken and written American English. Based upon an analysis of tokens from the Switchboard Corpus and the Brown Corpus, I propose that `unexpectedness’ is the core meaning shared by actually and in fact, and that the difference between the two lies in the typical association of each with one or the other way of signalling ‘unexpectedness’. The study also shows that in real discourse contexts, actually and in fact develop a number of different uses that are more or less remote from this core meaning.

scholarly journals Molecular Regions Controlling the Activity of Cng Channels

2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Möttig ◽  
Jana Kusch ◽  
Thomas Zimmer ◽  
Annette Scholle ◽  
Klaus Benndorf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Difference ◽  
Core Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Core ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors ◽  
Channel Opening ◽  
Main Portion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Α Subunits

The α subunits of CNG channels of retinal photoreceptors (rod) and olfactory neurons (olf) are proteins that consist of a cytoplasmic NH2 terminus, a transmembrane core region (including the segments S1–S6), and a cytoplasmic COOH terminus. The COOH terminus contains a cyclic nucleotide monophosphate binding domain NBD) that is linked by the C-linker (CL) to the core region. The binding of cyclic nucleotides to the NBD promotes channel opening by an allosteric mechanism. We examined why the sensitivity to cGMP is 22 times higher in olf than in rod by constructing chimeric channels and determining the [cGMP] causing half maximum channel activity (EC50). The characteristic difference in the EC50 value between rod and olf was introduced by the NH2 terminus and the core-CL region, whereas the NBD showed a paradoxical effect. The difference of the free energy difference Δ(ΔG) was determined for each of these three regions with all possible combinations of the other two regions. For rod regions with respect to corresponding olf regions, the open channel conformation was destabilized by the NH2 terminus (Δ(ΔG) = −1.0 to −2.0 RT) and the core-CL region (Δ(ΔG) = −2.0 to −2.9 RT), whereas it was stabilized by the NBD (Δ(ΔG) = 0.3 to 1.1 RT). The NH2 terminus deletion mutants of rod and olf differed by Δ(ΔG) of only 0.9 RT, whereas the wild-type channels differed by the much larger value of 3.1 RT. The results show that in rod and olf, the NH2 terminus, the core-CL region, and the NBD differ by characteristic Δ(ΔG) values that do not depend on the specific composition of the other two regions and that the NH2 terminus generates the main portion of Δ(ΔG) between the wild-type channels.

scholarly journals Effect of Electroless Ni–P Plating on the Bonding Strength of Bi–Te-Based Thermoelectric Modules

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 1225-1229
Author(s):  
S.S. Kim ◽  
I. Son ◽  
K.T. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Diffusion Layer ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Thermoelectric Module ◽  
Bonding Interface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermoelectric Element ◽  
Epma Analysis ◽  
P Type ◽  
Electroless Ni

AbstractIn the present study, electroless Ni–P plating was applied to Bi–Te-based thermoelectric materials as a barrier layer and the effect of the Ni–P plating on the bonding strength of the thermoelectric module was investigated. The bonding strength of the n- and p-type modules increased after being subjected to the electroless Ni–P plating treatment. In the case of the thermoelectric module that was not subjected to electroless Ni–P plating, Sn and Te were interdiffused and formed a brittle Sn–Te-based metallic compound. The shearing mostly occurred on the bonding interface where such an intermetallic compound was formed. On the other hands, it was found from the FE-EPMA analysis of the bonding interface of thermoelectric module subjected to electroless Ni-P plating that the electroless Ni-P plating acted as an anti-diffusion layer, preventing the interdiffusion of Sn and Te. Therefore, by forming such an anti-diffusion layer on the surface of the Bi–Te based thermoelectric element, the bonding strength of the thermoelectric module could be increased.

scholarly journals Management of Grossly Decayed Mandibular Molar with Different Designs of Split Cast Post and Core

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rashmi Bansal ◽  
Nakul Mehrotra ◽  
Priyanka Chowdhary ◽  
Anuraag Gurtu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cavity Wall ◽  
Metal Casting ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mandibular Molar ◽  
Post And Core ◽  
Effective Design

Mandibular molar with extensive loss of tooth structure, especially where no cavity wall is remaining, and insertion of posts in both the roots appear necessary so as to achieve proper retention for the core material. A single unit metal casting with two posts, one in the mesial root and the other in the distal divergent root, is difficult to fabricate due to difference in the path of insertion of the two posts. Multisection post and core or single cast post and core with auxiliary post can be an effective design to manage grossly decayed mandibular molars.

The Failure to Control and the Failure to Prevent, Repress and Submit: The Structure of Superior Responsibility under Article 28 icc Statute

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Yokohama
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Superior Responsibility ◽  
The Relationship

In Article 28 of the statute of the International Criminal Court (icc), there appear to be two kinds of omission, namely, a failure to control on the one hand, and a failure to prevent, repress and submit on the other. However, the relationship between both omissions remains unclear so far. This is a controversial topic not only in the scholarly debate but also in the recent jurisprudence of the icc. The core question is whether both omissions need to be proved separately (twofold-failures approach), or whether only the proof of the latter omission could suffice for the superior to be held responsible (single-failure approach). These two approaches could lead to different conclusions as to several aspects of superior responsibility: the ‘number’ of omissions that must be proved and the requirement of causality, for example. This article addresses the difference between these two approaches and demonstrates which approach should be adopted.

Chinese Thinking on the Future of International Relations: Realism as the Ti, Rationalism as the Yong?

2009 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 87-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lynch
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
English School ◽  
The West ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intellectual Elites

AbstractChina's evidently unstoppable “rise” energizes PRC political and intellectual elites to think seriously about the future of international relations. How will (and should) China's international roles change in the forthcoming decades? How should its leaders put the country's rapidly-increasing power to use? Foreign China specialists have tended to use an overly-streamlined “resisting” the West versus “co-operating” with it (or even simpler “optimistic” versus “pessimistic”) scale to address such questions, partly reflecting the divide between Realism and Neoliberalism in American international relations theory. By 2002, a near-consensus had developed (though never shared universally) that China had become an increasingly co-operative power since the mid-1990s and would continue to pursue the policy prescriptions of Neoliberal international relations theory. But using more nuanced “English school” analytical techniques – and examining the writings of Chinese elites themselves, aimed solely at Chinese audiences – this article discovers an unmistakably cynical Realism to be still at the core of Chinese thinking on the international future. Even elites who appear sincere in their promotion of co-operation firmly reject “solidarism” among the world's leading states and insist upon upholding the difference between China and all others. Many demand – and foresee – China using its future power to pursue world objectives that would depart in significant respects from those of the other leading states and non-state actors.

Theoretical investigation of nano-photonic graphene-based waveguide

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (31) ◽  
pp. 2050350
Author(s):  
Yupeng Wang ◽  
Yawen Xiao ◽  
Luning Wang ◽  
Haichen Rong ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Layer ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
The Core ◽  
Vertical Slot ◽  
Photoelectronic Device ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Slot Structure

This paper reports two design thoughts about nano-scale waveguides including parallel slot structure and vertical slot structure. According to the simulation results of different schemes, the design of parallel slot structure is demonstrated to exhibit better performance. Thus, we further explore its typical characteristics based on this scheme, such as electric field distribution, effective refractive index, non-linearity, dispersion and so on. Besides, we explore the properties of the waveguide under different thicknesses of the core material. On the other hand, combining with graphene layer applied to additional bias voltage, the tunable properties of the waveguide are realized. These results can provide significant reference for photoelectronic device field and lead to a deeper insight of the physical mechanisms of graphene-based waveguides.

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