Extraction of EPS from Mould Fungi Isolated from City Houses and its' Antibiosis against Pathogenic Bacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 760 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Anima Nanda ◽  
M. Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hay Fever ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Seasonal Periodicity ◽  
Effective Manner

An aero-allergenic fungus in the indoor environments has been associated with adverse respiratory symptoms leads to different allergenic diseases viz., allergic asthma, bronchitis, rhinitis, and hay fever in the atopic human beings. Moreover, fungal assessment and exposure has traditionally relied upon questionnaires for health issues especially to children. The present study is an attempt to record the incidence and seasonal periodicity of airborne fungal spores in indoors and outdoors of an industrial city house, Hosur, Tamilnadu by Petri-plate settlement method. In qualitative and quantitative way, fungal spores considerably varied from indoors to outdoors as well as from season to season. Apart from fungal growth on culture plates and spore counts, new immunoassays for extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) have enabled quantisation of fungal agents in house dust in a more timely and cost-effective manner, possibly providing a better measure of fungal exposure. The present data investigated outdoor air harbored maximum fungal spores (53%) in comparison to indoor air (47%). Incidence of fungal species was predominated with more number of propagules during mid winter (December) and early rainy (July) periods in comparison to other months. Qualitatively,Aspergilluswas found with the highest frequency and had eleven members i.e.,A. awamori, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus, A. flavipes, A. nidulans, A. ochraceous, A. japonicus, A. terreus, A. versicolorandA. wentii,but quantitatively,Penicilliumwas isolated highest in its contribution to total CFUs followed byAspergillus. Out of the 32 isolated fungal taxa,Aspergillus fumigatus, A. awamori, A. niger,Rhizopus stoloniferandAlternaria alternatawere the predominant aeroallergens, which cause different types of respiratory/lung diseases among atopic human beings. Samples were sieved and fine dust was analyzed for EPS fromAspergillusandPenicilliumspp., though they are considered as more allergenic. In seasonal periodicity, winter contributed the maximum spore load followed by rainy. Summer was found with the least in harboring the spore mass in the indoors and outdoors.Alternaria alternata,which is accounted as a human allergen for sporosis inducer and an agent for hay fever and other pathologies, was also intermittently recorded. The extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) collected was further treated against the human pathogen to check its antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a good replacement of antibiotics.

Prevalence of Aero-Allergenic Micro Fungi in Extra & Intramural Environments of a Saw Mill in Pondicherry City, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 760 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
B.K. Nayak ◽  
S. Suresh Kumar ◽  
Anima Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Seasonal Periodicity ◽  
Spore Mass ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Spore Load

Prevalence of airborne fungal spores with their seasonal periodicity in the extra and intramural environments of a saw mill of Pondicherry region was carried out by gravitation method from January 2011 to December 2011. Composition and concentration of fungal spores considerably varied from indoors to outdoors as well as from season to season. Indoor air harbored maximum fungal spores (61%) in comparison to outdoor air (39%). Occurrence of fungal species was predominated with more number of propagules during mid winter (December) and early rainy (July) periods in comparison to other months. Quantitatively, Cladosporium was found with the highest frequency and had four members i.e., C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum, C. resinae, C. sphaerospermum but qualitatively, Penicilli and aspegilii were isolated highest in its contribution to total CFUs. Out of the 32 isolated fungal taxa, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria alternata were the predominant aeroallergens which cause different types of respiratory/lung diseases in atopic human beings were isolated. In seasonal periodicity, winter contributed the maximum spore load (41%) followed by rainy (33%), summer was found with the least (26%) in harboring the spore mass in the indoors and outdoors. Alternaria alternata, which is accounted as a human allergen for sporosis inducer and an agent for hay fever and other pathologies, was also intermittently recorded. A few plant pathogenic fungi like Helmithosporium sp. & Fusarium spp, saprophytic, field and storage fungi were also recorded during the study period. Effect of meteorological parameters on the fungal spores in the saw mill atmosphere was significantly assessed by Pearsons correlation coefficient analysis.

scholarly journals Effects of Essential Oil Citral on the Growth, Mycotoxin Biosynthesis and Transcriptomic Profile of Alternaria alternata

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuqing Wang ◽  
Nan Jiang ◽  
Duo Wang ◽  
Meng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Ergosterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Mycotoxin Biosynthesis

Alternaria alternata is a critical phytopathogen that causes foodborne spoilage and produces a polyketide mycotoxin, alternariol (AOH), and its derivative, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). In this study, the inhibitory effects of the essential oil citral on the fungal growth and mycotoxin production of A. alternata were evaluated. Our findings indicated that 0.25 μL/mL (222.5 μg/mL) of citral completely suppressed mycelial growth as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Moreover, the 1/2MIC of citral could inhibit more than 97% of the mycotoxin amount. Transcriptomic profiling was performed by comparative RNA-Seq analysis of A. alternata with or without citral treatment. Out of a total of 1334 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 621 up-regulated and 713 down-regulated genes were identified under citral stress conditions. Numerous DEGs for cell survival, involved in ribosome and nucleolus biogenesis, RNA processing and metabolic processes, and protein processing, were highly expressed in response to citral. However, a number of DEGs responsible for the metabolism of several carbohydrates and amino acids, sulfate and glutathione metabolism, the metabolism of xenobiotics and transporter activity were significantly more likely to be down-regulated. Citral induced the disturbance of cell integrity through the disorder of gene expression, which was further confirmed by the fact that exposure to citral caused irreversibly deleterious disruption of fungal spores and the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Citral perturbed the balance of oxidative stress, which was likewise verified by a reduction of total antioxidative capacity. In addition, citral was able to modulate the down-regulation of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes, including pksI and omtI. The results provide new insights for exploring inhibitory mechanisms and indicate citral as a potential antifungal and antimytoxigenic alternative for cereal storage.

Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Surface Polysaccharides ◽  
Surface Location ◽  
Commercial Applications

The synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides has been recognized in certain bacterial cultures since the 1880s. It is now apparent that a wide range of bacteria produce these polymers and an equally wide range of chemical structures are possible. Their surface location, together with the range of available monosaccharide combinations, noncarbohydrate substituents, and linkage types, make extracellular polysaccharides excellent agents of diversity. As a result, much effort has been directed towards elucidating their structure in pathogenic bacteria and in enteric organisms in particular. Commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides have now broadened the scope of structural information. Most recently, technological advances in molecular biology have created the possibility of manipulating desired polymer characteristics, and with these advances, our knowledge of the mechanisms of synthesis and regulation of cell surface polysaccharides has improved. Ultimately more information regarding the function of extracellular polysaccharides in natural environments may result.

scholarly journals Mixed Production of Filamentous Fungal Spores for Preventing Soil-Transmitted Helminth Zoonoses: A Preliminary Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Arias ◽  
C. F. Cazapal-Monteiro ◽  
J. Suárez ◽  
S. Miguélez ◽  
I. Francisco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Mucor Circinelloides ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Individual

Helminth zoonoses are parasitic infections shared by humans and animals, being the soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) mainly caused by roundworms (ascarids) and hookworms. This study was aimed to assess the individual and/or mixed production of two helminth-antagonistic fungi, one ovicide (Mucor circinelloides) and other predator (Duddingtonia flagrans). Fungi were grown both in Petri plates and in a submerged culture (composed by water, NaCl, Na2HPO4· 12 H2O, and wheat (Triticum aestivum)). A Fasciola hepatica recombinant protein (FhrAPS) was incorporated to the cultures to improve fungal production. All the cultured plates showed fungal growth, without difference in the development of the fungi when grown alone or mixed. High counts ofMucorspores were produced in liquid media cultures, and no significant differences were achieved regarding single or mixed cultures, or the incorporation of the FhrAPS. A significantly higher production ofDuddingtoniaspores after the incorporation of the FhrAPS was observed. When analyzing the parasiticide efficacy of the fungal mixture, viability ofT. caniseggs reduced to 51%, and the numbers of third stage cyathostomin larvae reduced to 4%. It is concluded, the capability of a fungal mixture containing an ovicide (Mucor) and a predator species (Duddingtonia) for growing together in a submerged medium containing the FhrAPS offers a very interesting tool for preventing STHs.

Effects of various soil fungi and insecticides on the capacity of Mucor alternans to degrade DDT

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. E. Anderson ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metabolite Formation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Free Media ◽  
Related Compounds

Pure cultures of the fungus Mucor alternans, isolated from DDT-contaminated soils, were able to degrade DDT to water-soluble metabolites. After the addition of fungal spores to DDT-contaminated soils, however, the insecticide-degrading capacity of the fungus was no longer evident. Since under field conditions many species of fungi are simultaneously exposed to mixed residues of pesticidal chemicals, the effects of various species of soil fungi and of various insecticides on DDT degradation by M. alternans were investigated. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of nine fungal species, their stale cell-free media, and various insecticides and related compounds on the capacity of M. alternans to degrade 14C-DDT to water-soluble metabolites. It was found that several pure fungal cultures or some cell-free media, in which mycelia had grown, could also degrade the insecticide. In most cases, however, addition of one of the various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures resulted in a total depression of the appearance of water-soluble metabolites in the media. This was due to an accumulation of the metabolites in the mycelium of the other fungus or in an inhibition of metabolite formation. Addition of stale media from various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures had various effects on fungal growth and on the capacity of the fungus to degrade the insecticide. Among the insecticides and related compounds tested only lindane, parathion, and Dyfonate caused a reduction in DDT degradation by M. alternans, without severely reducing its vegetative growth.

Evaluation of fungicidal properties of post-cultured liquid medium from the culture of Kombucha microorganisms against selected mold fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
IZABELA BETLEJ ◽  
BOGUSŁAW ANDRES
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Total Absence

Evaluation of fungicidal properties of post-cultured liqiud medium from the culture of Kombucha microorganisms against selected mold fungi. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of fungicidal activity of post-cultured liquid medium from Kombucha microrganism on molds Alternaria alternata and Trichoderma viride. The obtained results confirmed that the medium on which Kombucha microorganisms grew, have fungicidal activity against mold fungi. The lowest concentration of post-cultured liqiud medium, inhibiting the growth of A. alternata and T. viride, on the 4th day of culture, was respectively: 5% and 15%. The total absence of fungal growth was observed on medium containing 20% medium from Kombucha culture

scholarly journals An Improved In Vitro Pyrogen Test To Detect The Presence of Endotoxin Containing Bacteria Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay From Pharmaceutical Raw Product

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Tanvir Bashar ◽  
Khondokar Mahzebin Shurovi ◽  
Sanjida Dilshad
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Drug Preparation ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Pseudomonas Species ◽  
Lal Assay

Most of the environmental organism possess endotoxin which presence indicates the organisms are much lethal and for the purposes bacteriological quality of pharmaceutical raw products is much important. In these current study, 2 raw materials out of 10 were found to containing pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas species in the culture medium, that indicates the raw materials were contaminated with the deadly organism. These two raw materials checked for the presence of Endotoxin and both provided positive gel clot by Limulas amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Quality maintenance and assurance is the essential need of Drug preparation in pharmaceutical sector. The result ensure that Pharmaceutical industry should need to follow GMP and HACCP to minimize the contamination for improving the biological safety of the product in a cost-effective manner. Key Word: Limulas amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, Gram negative bacteria, endotoxin. doi:10.3329/sjps.v1i1.1812    S. J. Pharm. Sci. 1(1&2): 76-79

scholarly journals Adverse Health Effects Of Indoor Moulds / Štetni Zdravstveni Učinci Plijesni Unutarnjih Prostora

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Piecková
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Sick Building Syndrome ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Sick Building ◽  
Causative Relation ◽  
Toxic Potential

AbstractBuilding associated illnesses - sick building syndrome (SBS) as a common example - are associated with staying in buildings with poor indoor air quality. The importance of indoor fungal growth in this phenomenon continues to be evident, even though no causative relation has been established so far. Indoor humidity is strongly associated with the symptoms of SBS. Fungal metabolites that may induce ill health in susceptible occupants comprise beta-D-glucan, mycotoxins, and volatile organic compounds as known irritants and/or immunomodulators. Indoor toxic fungal metabolites might be located in micromycetal propagules (endometabolites), in (bio-)aerosol, detritus, and house dust (exometabolites) as their particular carriers. It is highly probable that hyphal fragments, dust, and particles able to reach the alveoli have the strongest depository and toxic potential. Most fungal spores are entrapped by the upper respiratory tract and do not reach further than the bronchi because of their size, morphology, and the mode of propagation (such as slime heads and aggreggation). This is why studies of the toxic effects of fungal spores prefer directly applying metabolite mixtures over mimicking real exposure. Chronic low-level exposure to a mixture of fungal toxicants and other indoor stressors may have synergistic effects and lead to severe neuroendocrineimmune changes.

scholarly journals Influence of a biological fungicide on the development and spreading of Alternaria alternata on vegetable crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 04018
Author(s):  
Oksana Kremneva ◽  
Svetlana Nekoval ◽  
Alexey Pachkin ◽  
Anastasia Zakharchenko ◽  
Ksenia Gasiyan
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Modern Method ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Spore Trap ◽  
Visual Method ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Krasnodar Region

The effect of the biofungicide BFTIM KS-2, Zh on the development and spreading of the Alternaria alternata fungus on vegetable crops (tomato, pepper, eggplant) was studied using classical and modern methods of phytosanitary monitoring. The research was carried out in Krasnodar region in the Pavlovsky District, on the production fields of the ZAO Yubileinoye. To assess the development and spreading of the disease, the classical visual method was used, as well as a modern method for determining the congestion rate of plantings using the OZR-1mp spore trap.The article presents data on the development and spreading of A. alternata, the number of fungal spores on vegetable crops before and after treatments with the biofungicide. It was found that the use of the biological product reduces the development and spreading of the phytopathogen. Its influence is the most effective on tomato and eggplant crops. Also, in the course of research, the possibility of using a spore trap for monitoring Alternaria on vegetable crops has been shown.

scholarly journals Analysis of culturable airborne fungi in outdoor environments in Tianjin, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumna Nageen ◽  
Michael Dare Asemoloye ◽  
Sergei Põlme ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Shihan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Airborne Fungi ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Outdoor Environments

Abstract Background Fungal spores dispersed in the atmosphere may become cause of different pathological conditions and allergies for human beings. A number of studies have been performed to analyze the diversity of airborne fungi in different environments worldwide, and in particular in many urban areas in China. We investigated, for the first time, the diversity, concentration and distribution of airborne fungi in Tianjin city. We sampled 8 outdoor environments, using open plate method, during a whole winter season. Isolated fungi were identified by morphological and molecular analysis. Environmental factors which could influence the airborne fungi concentration (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and air pressure) were monitored and analyzed. The effect of different urban site functions (busy areas with high traffic flow and commercial activities vs. green areas) on airborne fungal diversity was also analyzed. Results A total of 560 fungal strains, belonging to 110 species and 49 genera of Ascomycota (80 %), Basidiomycota (18 %), and Mucoromycota (2 %) were isolated in this study. The dominant fungal genus was Alternaria (22 %), followed by Cladosporium (18.4 %), Naganishia (14.1 %), Fusarium (5.9 %), Phoma (4.11 %), and Didymella (4.8 %). A fungal concentration ranging from 0 to 3224.13 CFU m− 3 was recorded during the whole study. Permutational multivariate analysis showed that the month was the most influential factor for airborne fungal community structure, probably because it can be regarded as a proxy of environmental variables, followed by wind speed. The two analyzed environments (busy vs. green) had no detectable effect on the air fungal community, which could be related to the relatively small size of parks in Tianjin and/or to the study season. Conclusions Our study shed light on the highly diverse community of airborne fungi characterizing the outdoor environments of Tianjin, and clarified the role that different environmental factors played in shaping the analyzed fungal community. The dominant presence of fungi with potential hazardous effect on human health, such as Alternaria, Cladosporium and Naganishia, deserves further attention. Our results may represent a valuable source of information for air quality monitoring, microbial pollution control, and airborne diseases prevention.

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