Synthetic Snow Substitutes as the Basis for the Recreation and Sports Facilities Sustainable Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 974 ◽  
pp. 386-391
Author(s):  
Marina Afonina ◽  
Sergey Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Sports Facilities ◽  
Winter Sports ◽  
Multifunctional Material ◽  
Sustainable Operation ◽  
The People ◽  
Operation Duration ◽  
Natural Snow ◽  
Brush Coating

Climatic changes and a series of snowy winters significantly affect the operation duration of winter sports centers, the basis of which is the stable snow cover presence. Modern technical capabilities make it possible to organize the recreation and sports facilities year-round work, where slopes equipped with materials and technological systems replacing natural resources are used as an alternative to natural snow cover. The artificial snow use history in different countries is presented. The aim of the study is to determine the feasibility of using synthetic coatings for organizing all-weather operation of sports facilities and winter specialization recreation. The reasons for the complexes demand in the real house vicinity, associated with the people of different ages desire to engage in their favorite type of activity, regardless of natural conditions, are determined. A modern social demand is the lever for using artificial snow substitutes on modern high-tech complexes. The possibility of using Snow Plast 365 modular brush coatings as a multifunctional material manufactured taking into account the various sports characteristics is considered. The demand for the Russian synthetic brush coating is shown, the area of ​​its use and the sales dynamics are indicated. To confirm the implemented projects’ visibility, the material contains drawings and diagrams.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE DESIGN OF COVERED ALL-SEASON SKIN COMPLEXES

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
J. V. Skripkina ◽  
T. O. Tsurik ◽  
M. M. Zvyagintseva ◽  
V. A. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Sports Facilities ◽  
Alpine Skiing ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Winter Sports ◽  
Ski Resorts ◽  
Planar Structures ◽  
Artificial Environment ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This article deals with the problem of designing and building all-season ski resorts. Currently, the sport is actively developing and every year more and more people show their interest in alpine skiing sports. As anndependent sport, it was formed in Europe around the middle of the twentieth century, and quickly quickly won many fans around the world. At the moment, the total number of skiers is estimated at 80-100 million people. Amateurs and athletes face the problem of training in the summer, as large ski resorts in our country can work fully only from November to May, when there is enough snow in the mountains. The design of sports complexes for all-season winter sports is currently an urgent problem, acquiring particular importance in connection with the development of alpine skiing. Analysis of such indoor ski resorts as "Sneg.Com", "Ski-Dubai" and "Snow World Lundgraaf" located in Russia and abroad promote the idea of creating an artificial environment where there is no natural area for skiing, which proves the integration of scientific achievements. Until recently, the structure of the ski complexes included only planar structures, such as: well-equipped prepared ski slopes, skating rinks and snowparks with springboard lines. But special installations were invented that were able to create a steady snow cover inside the building, and this led to the emergence of a new volumetric type of sports facilities - indoor ski resorts. An artificial environment with special geometric characteristics is created inside these structures, suitable for creating and maintaining year-round sustainable snow cover, which allows you to engage in winter sports such as skiing, tobogganing, and snowboarding.

How a self-publishing lab created a new literary community

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Sue Perry
Keyword(s):  
Public Library ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Literary Community ◽  
The People ◽  
New Process ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The article aims to convey the experiences of installing an Espresso Book Machine (tm) into Windsor Public Library. It relates how an extremely high-tech, mechanical and new process was received in a very traditional field. Design/methodology/approach – Windsor Public Library acquired an Espresso Book Machine, and built around it a Self-Publishing Centre which included iMacs loaded with software, a scanner, a comfortable area and a dedicated staff member. Findings – The creativity that arose from the Self-Publishing Centre was not limited only to individual, solitary authors who wanted just to produce their own works. A network of like-minded people formed to give encouragement and support developed, increasing the opportunities for elevating literacy in our community. Research limitations/implications – Limitations are obviously that we are one small community enjoying the benefits of this machine. It is impossible to predict if other communities and geographic locations would enjoy the same success. Practical implications – Practical implications are that even with the advancing tide of ebooks and non-print matter, patrons are still very eager to consume and produce printed materials. Social implications – The technological marvels of the high-tech gear that have been installed would be lost without the people forming communities around the technology. Originality/value – The results of installing the Self-Publishing Centre were very different from what we anticipated. The products and community established here are as awe-inspiring as the machine at the heart of the Centre.

scholarly journals A Possible Relation Between Grain Size, Density, and Light Attenuation in Natural Snow Cover

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (55) ◽  
pp. 154-156
Author(s):  
James D. Bergen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Porous Medium ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Fair Agreement ◽  
Natural Snow

AbstractThe extinction coefficient for the transmission of light through snow cover is related to the grain size and density of the snow cover. The connection is made by means of an empirical relation between the latter parameters and the air permeability and by the Carmen–Kozney relation between the air permeability and specific surface of a porous medium. The results are compared with a set of measurements found in the literature with fair agreement between the predicted and measured values of the extinction coefficient.

scholarly journals The Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing in Quantifying Snow Cover and Precipitation in Kabul Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qamar Zaman ◽  
Shahid Nawaz Khan
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Snow Cover Area ◽  
Hydrologic Modelling ◽  
Gis And Remote Sensing ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
The People

Water Resources availability is very important to social and economic well-being of the people and has huge impacts on the socio-economic scenarios of a country. Precipitation and snow cover area assessment is some of the major inputs in hydrologic modelling and also for assessing and managing water resources in a basin. The change in the water availability in a basin has huge socio-economic impacts because of the water usage for food production, industries, and many others. The main aim of this study was to measure the snow cover area and precipitation from 2001 to 2015 in the Kabul basin. Moderate Resolution Image Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Tropical Rainfall measuring Mission (TRMM) data were used to study snow cover area and precipitation respectively during 2001-2015. 8-day snow cover product for 15 years (January) was used to analyse the snow cover while monthly data of TRMM (3B43) were used to analyse the rainfall from 2001-2015. Different image processing techniques were applied on the data retrieved using GIS and Remote Sensing softwares. Initially, SCA was seen increasing, but during the last 3-4 years, it kept decreasing gradually. Rainfall was initially recorded as low, while later on, it was recorded high and reached the highest during 2010. Keywords: MODIS; Snow Cover; TRMM; Precipitation; Kabul Basin; Remote Sensing   Copyright (c) 2020 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Frost heaving in a boreal soil in relation to soil scarification and snow cover

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1084-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Bergsten ◽  
France Goulet ◽  
Tomas Lundmark ◽  
Mikaell Ottosson Löfvenius
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Frost Heaving ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Natural Snow ◽  
Surface Ice

Vertical uplift of seedlings and rods on the soil surface and at a depth of 5 cm, and of reference trees, was monitored using a theodolite from autumn to spring in two adjacent field experiments on a silt soil in northern Sweden. Treatments involving scarification (control and square patches of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 m at natural snow cover) and snow cover (simulated maximum cover, snow free, and natural cover for control and 0.4-m patches) were compared. For snow free and natural snow cover, diurnal variation of soil surface temperature, duration and magnitude of freezing temperatures, and uplift increased with patch size. At the end of the winter under natural snow cover, uplift of the soil surface and shallow soil was between 4.4 and 5.3 cm for the control treatment without scarification and the 0.1-m patch while the uplift for the 0.4- and 0.8-m patches reached 7.6–11.5 cm. The highest uplift value, 14.6 cm, was observed for the snow-free treatment with 0.4-m patches. Maximum uplift of trees averaged 4.4 cm, which was similar to values observed for seedlings and rods with an intact humus layer and a natural snow cover, indicating that the highest observed uplift was mainly due to needle and soil surface ice. In conclusion, size of the scarified area and duration and thickness of snow cover largely influence frost heaving of tree seedlings in a susceptible soil.

Artificial Snowmaking: Winter Sports Between State-Owned Company Policy and Tourist Demand

2020 ◽  
pp. 109634802095707
Author(s):  
Marko Joksimović ◽  
Mirjana Gajić ◽  
Snežana Vujadinović ◽  
Jelena Milenković ◽  
Vladimir Malinić
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Winter Sports ◽  
Ski Resort ◽  
Ski Resorts ◽  
Company Policy ◽  
Owned Company ◽  
Natural Snow ◽  
Tourist Demand

Due to changing climatic conditions, artificial snowmaking has become a major method of ski resort adaptation globally. It is a financially intensive operation requiring high start-up investment and involving operating costs that are dependent on weather conditions. Operational costs and the expansion of artificial snowmaking systems increase the price of ski passes. In our work, we analyzed the operations of a public company that operates the largest ski resorts in Serbia and directs the flow of winter sports tourism. We tried to determine, by means of correlation, the extent to which ski pass prices in the biggest winter resort in Serbia are influenced by factors such as natural snow cover, number of tourist overnights, ski run length, and local wages. The results of the survey indicate an increasing transformation of the ski resort into a thematic attraction independent of climatic factors in terms of determining ski pass prices.

High-tech in the middle Palaeolithic: Neandertal-manufactured pitch identified

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Koller ◽  
Ursula Baumer ◽  
Dietrich Mania
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Harz Mountains ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoid ◽  
The People ◽  
Geological Age ◽  
Clear Sign ◽  
Tools And Techniques

Any new knowledge that goes beyond the stone tools and techniques used in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic is most significant as it reveals the cultural and technical capabilities of the people living in these periods. In 1963, two pitch finds were discovered in a lignite open-mining pit in the northern foothills of the Harz Mountains, in a layer the geological age of which was dated as being older than 80,000 years. The great significance of these finds was therefore immediately apparent. One of the finds showed a fingerprint as well as the imprints of a flint stone tool and the structure of wood cells. This was indicative of the pitch piece having served as an adhesive to secure a wooden haft to a flint stone blade.Over 30 years later these finds were transferred to the Doerner Institut for investigation. The GC and GC/MS analyses revealed that, in both cases, birch pitches, well-known historical adhesives, had been used. These consist predominantly of pentacyclic triterpenoid components of the lupane type, with betulin forming the major component. The comparison with birch bark extracts showed that the biological peak profile (bio-marker) was surprisingly well preserved in these pitch finds and that hardly any degradation products were present.Today, comparable pitches can easily be produced with modern technical methods, i.e. using airtight laboratory flasks and temperature control facilities. However, any attempt at simulating the conditions of the Neandertal period and at producing these birch pitches without any of these modern facilities will soon be met with many difficulties. This implies that the Neandertals did not come across these pitches by accident but must have produced them with intent. Conscious action is, however, always a clear sign of considerable technical capabilities.

Point physical model of movement of ions through natural snow cover

2000 ◽  
Vol 235 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 170-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Iida ◽  
K Ueki ◽  
H Tsukahara ◽  
A Kajihara
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Natural Snow

scholarly journals A Possible Relation Between Grain Size, Density, and Light Attenuation in Natural Snow Cover

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (55) ◽  
pp. 154-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Bergen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Porous Medium ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Fair Agreement ◽  
Natural Snow

Abstract The extinction coefficient for the transmission of light through snow cover is related to the grain size and density of the snow cover. The connection is made by means of an empirical relation between the latter parameters and the air permeability and by the Carmen–Kozney relation between the air permeability and specific surface of a porous medium. The results are compared with a set of measurements found in the literature with fair agreement between the predicted and measured values of the extinction coefficient.

Evaluation of the productivity of the hybrid vine Seyval blanc in function of several types of protection against frost in Quebec

OENO One ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
T. Telebak ◽  
Yvon Jolivet ◽  
Jean-Marie Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Natural Snow

<p style="text-align: justify;">In Quebec, winter frost is one of the determining factors influencing vine survival and yield. To evaluate the quality of the different types of winter protection, ground temperature data under different covers (ground knolls, leaf mounds, carried over snow and natural snow) and ambient air temperatures were recorded. Results show that the Seyval blanc, if not protected against winter frost, can sustain quite serious damages when the air temperature reaches -30 °C. Ridging, leaf covering and the natural snow cover as well as carried over snow have a positive effect on ground temperatures, since over the site without protection, frost penetrated down to a depth of 50 cm. However, it seems that the root System did not sustain significant damages from the ground frost since regrowth occurred in the Spring. Because of its direct exposure to radiation and surface climatic conditions, bare soil warms up more quickly in the Spring compared to the other sites benefiting from protection. Results also indicate that the mortality rate of the vine stock fruit buds without protection is nearly 100 % compared to the protected vine stocks with a fruit bud mortality rate varying from 22.5 to 35.8 %. The protected vine stocks, regardless of the type of protection used, had satislactory yields from 7.2 t/ha to 24.4 t/ha. On the other hand, the raisin yield of the vine stocks without any winter protection is null. The best raisin yields were obtained over sites where vine stocks were protected by ridging (40 cm of earth), while the vine stocks protected by leaf covering showed an average yield. We also observed that when vine stock leaf covering is coupled with lodged vine shoots, raisin yields are higher than when the vine shoots are erect. However, in both cases, potential yield per hectare is satisfactory. Hence, the lodging of vine shoots becomes a useless operation. The vine stocks protected by natural snow as well as by leaf covering (30 cm + carried over snow and lodged vine shoots) gave the fruit with the highest sugar content. Snow is also an excellent insulator because a 37 cm high snow cover permitted the survival of the vine stocks protected by snow even when the temperature reached -30 °C. The only problem still posing a threat is snow cover variability during the winter season. A reduced snow cover, coupled with temperature conditions under the threshold of tolerance of the vine to cold, could not insure satisfactory protection ol the fruit buds.</p>

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