Frost heaving in a boreal soil in relation to soil scarification and snow cover

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1084-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Bergsten ◽  
France Goulet ◽  
Tomas Lundmark ◽  
Mikaell Ottosson Löfvenius
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Frost Heaving ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Natural Snow ◽  
Surface Ice

Vertical uplift of seedlings and rods on the soil surface and at a depth of 5 cm, and of reference trees, was monitored using a theodolite from autumn to spring in two adjacent field experiments on a silt soil in northern Sweden. Treatments involving scarification (control and square patches of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 m at natural snow cover) and snow cover (simulated maximum cover, snow free, and natural cover for control and 0.4-m patches) were compared. For snow free and natural snow cover, diurnal variation of soil surface temperature, duration and magnitude of freezing temperatures, and uplift increased with patch size. At the end of the winter under natural snow cover, uplift of the soil surface and shallow soil was between 4.4 and 5.3 cm for the control treatment without scarification and the 0.1-m patch while the uplift for the 0.4- and 0.8-m patches reached 7.6–11.5 cm. The highest uplift value, 14.6 cm, was observed for the snow-free treatment with 0.4-m patches. Maximum uplift of trees averaged 4.4 cm, which was similar to values observed for seedlings and rods with an intact humus layer and a natural snow cover, indicating that the highest observed uplift was mainly due to needle and soil surface ice. In conclusion, size of the scarified area and duration and thickness of snow cover largely influence frost heaving of tree seedlings in a susceptible soil.

Seedling recruitment of native perennial grasses within existing swards

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 591 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thapa ◽  
D. R. Kemp ◽  
D. L. Michalk ◽  
W. B. Badgery ◽  
A. T. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Bare Ground

Two field experiments, one each on Austrodanthonia spp. and Bothriochloa macra, investigated the effects of biomass manipulation, seed level modification, site preparation and pasture composition on the recruitment of native perennial grass seedlings. The experiments coincided with drier than average years and although successful emergence of seedlings occurred, survival was extremely low. In the Austrodanthonia experiment, control treatments resulted in the emergence of only 1 seedling/m2, whereas there were 130/m2 in the best treatment which had biomass cut with plant material removed, seed added, and the soil surface scarified. Insecticide treatments increased emergence as seed-harvesting ants are common in these systems, but the benefits were small. Similarly, B. macra had no emergence in the control treatment compared with 73 seedlings/m2 in the best treatment, which was pasture cropped, and had seed added and herbicide applied. Availability of microsites may be a major constraint to B. macra emergence, as soil disturbance through pasture cropping substantially increased seedling numbers (279/m2). The effects of herbicide on emergence were small with the largest being related to bare ground and litter biomass. Austrodanthonia seedling numbers at emergence were related to bare ground, litter and green biomass. Survival of young Austrodanthonia plants 24 weeks after emergence was negatively related to plant cover, but only in treatments where plant material was cut and removed. The success of survival was determined at 52 weeks after emergence and the number of young plants that survived in both experiments seemed to have been influenced by the presence of competitive biomass of existing plants.

scholarly journals A field perspective on effects of fire and temperature fluctuation on Cerrado legume seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Felipe Daibes ◽  
Talita Zupo ◽  
Fernando A.O. Silveira ◽  
Alessandra Fidelis
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Field Perspective

AbstractInformation from a field perspective on temperature thresholds related to physical dormancy (PY) alleviation and seed resistance to high temperatures of fire is crucial to disentangle fire- and non-fire-related germination cues. We investigated seed germination and survival of four leguminous species from a frequently burned open Neotropical savanna in Central Brazil. Three field experiments were conducted according to seed location in/on the soil: (1) fire effects on exposed seeds; (2) fire effects on buried seeds; and (3) effects of temperature fluctuations on exposed seeds in gaps and shaded microsites in vegetation. After field treatments, seeds were tested for germination in the laboratory, together with the control (non-treated seeds). Fire effects on exposed seeds decreased viability in all species. However, germination of buried Mimosa leiocephala seeds was enhanced by fire in an increased fuel load treatment, in which we doubled the amount of above-ground biomass. Germination of two species (M. leiocephala and Harpalyce brasiliana) was enhanced with temperature fluctuation in gaps, but this condition also decreased seed viability. Our main conclusions are: (1) most seeds died when exposed directly to fire; (2) PY could be alleviated during hotter fires when seeds were buried in the soil; and (3) daily temperature fluctuations in gaps also broke PY of seeds on the soil surface, so many seeds could be recruited or die before being incorporated into the soil seed banks. Thus seed dormancy-break and germination of legumes from Cerrado open savannas seem to be driven by both fire and temperature fluctuations.

scholarly journals Micro-Water Harvesting and Soil Amendment Increase Grain Yields of Barley on a Heavy-Textured Alkaline Sodic Soil in a Rainfed Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Edward G. Barrett-Lennard ◽  
Rushna Munir ◽  
Dana Mulvany ◽  
Laine Williamson ◽  
Glen Riethmuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Salt Leaching

This paper focuses on the adverse effects of soil sodicity and alkalinity on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a rainfed environment in south-western Australia. These conditions cause the accumulation of salt (called ‘transient salinity’) in the root zone, which decreases the solute potential of the soil solution, particularly at the end of the growing season as the soil dries. We hypothesized that two approaches could help overcome this stress: (a) improved micro-water harvesting at the soil surface, which would help maintain soil hydration, decreasing the salinity of the soil solution, and (b) soil amelioration using small amounts of gypsum, elemental sulfur or gypsum plus elemental sulfur, which would ensure greater salt leaching. In our experiments, improved micro-water harvesting was achieved using a tillage technique consisting of exaggerated mounds between furrows and the covering of these mounds with plastic sheeting. The combination of the mounds and the application of a low rate of gypsum in the furrow (50 kg ha−1) increased yields of barley grain by 70% in 2019 and by 57% in 2020, relative to a control treatment with conventional tillage, no plastic sheeting and no amendment. These increases in yield were related to changes in ion concentrations in the soil and to changes in apparent electrical conductivity measured with the EM38.

Technologies of drop irrigation of young almond garden on terraces in foothland conditions of the Kyzylsu-Yuzhnaya river basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Daler Domullodzhanov
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Almond Orchard

The article presents the results of field experiments on the study of the technology of drip irrigation of a young almond orchard on terraces with clear cover with tillage soil surface, with use of mulching and overseeding of perennial grasses. In the variant with mulching, the minimum amount of irrigation observed – 24, with the irrigation norm – 1904 litre per tree. In other cases, the number of irrigation events increases from 8 to 23, respectively, the irrigation norms are 1.39 and 2.06 times.

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

Do applications of sulfur or sulfate influence infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola?

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dosdall ◽  
R. -C. Yang ◽  
P. M. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Root Maggot ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

While the importance of sulfur nutrition for the development of healthy stands of canola is well documented, the role of sulfur in the management of insect pest infestations has not previously been investigated in this crop. Field experiments were conducted at three sites in central Alberta in 1997 and 1998 to determine the influence of sulfur and sulfate applications on infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola (Brassica rapa L.). Different formulations (granules, powder, prills, and sprays), application methods (either drilled in with the seed or top-dressed on the soil surface), and application rates were evaluated. To assess the degree of root maggot infestation, oviposition throughout the season and damage to taproots at the end of the season were monitored. Sulfur contents were analyzed from leaf samples collected mid-season and seed yields were measured from all treatment plots. Root maggot responses to the different sulfur treatments and application methods varied among years and sites, indicating that environmental factors have great importance in determining infestation levels by these pests, and the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in soil. Sulfur formulation and application rate had significant effects on root maggot egg deposition and root damage for some sites and years, but even at high rates of application (112 kg ha-1) reductions in infestation levels were not substantial relative to the controls. While sulfur additions alone will not greatly reduce root maggot infestation levels in canola, growers should employ adequate sulfur nutrition for optimum crop health to enable plants to better compensate for damage by these pests. Key words: Brassica rapa, Delia radicum, Delia floralis, elemental sulfur, sulfate, canola

scholarly journals Improvement Growth, Yield, and Seed Quality of Pea Plants Using Glass Fertilizers and Bio-Fertilizers.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman G. Sayed ◽  
Mona A. Ouis
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A new glass fertilizer (GF) system of main composition 60P2O5.30K2O.3.5ZnO. 3.5MnO.3Fe2O3 was developed in response to the needs of pea plants with bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium leguminosarum. Bv.vicieae, Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum, Bacillus circulans).GF was prepared by the traditional melt quenching technique at 1150°C. Characterization of prepared system was done using FTIR spectra before and after immersion in a simulated actual agriculture medium like 2% citric acid and distilled water. During two winter seasons, two successful field experiments were conducted at Cairo University's Eastern Farm to determine the impact of chemical, glass, and bio-fertilizers on plant growth, yield attributes, and seed quality of pea plant. Control treatment were without any addition of recommended chemical fertilizers and other treatments were full dose of recommended chemical fertilizers (100%RDF), glass fertilizers at rate 60 kg fed− 1, Glass fertilizers at rate30 kg fed− 1, 50% RDF ,100%RDF + bio-fertilizers, Glass fertilizers at rate 60 kg fed− 1 + bio-fertilizers, glass fertilizers at rate 30 kg fed− 1+ bio-fertilizers, 50%RDF + bio-fertilizers. Plots received 60 kg fed− 1 glass fertilizers + bio-fertilizers show the highest significant increment in plant growth, number and weight of pods plant− 1, number of grain pods− 1, grain yield, biological yield, P%, k% in pea leaves and quality of pea seeds compared with plots without any addition (control) in both seasons.

scholarly journals A Possible Relation Between Grain Size, Density, and Light Attenuation in Natural Snow Cover

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (55) ◽  
pp. 154-156
Author(s):  
James D. Bergen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Porous Medium ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Fair Agreement ◽  
Natural Snow

AbstractThe extinction coefficient for the transmission of light through snow cover is related to the grain size and density of the snow cover. The connection is made by means of an empirical relation between the latter parameters and the air permeability and by the Carmen–Kozney relation between the air permeability and specific surface of a porous medium. The results are compared with a set of measurements found in the literature with fair agreement between the predicted and measured values of the extinction coefficient.

scholarly journals New protectants for potato protection

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Grigoriy Leonidovich Belov ◽  
Vladimir Nikolaevich Zeyruk ◽  
Vladimir Anatolyevich Barkov ◽  
Marina Konstantinovna Derevyagina ◽  
Svetlana Viktorovna Vasilieva
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Two Component

In field experiments in the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Moscow region, protectants were tested. Before planting potatoes, tubers were treated with a new two-component insectofungicide AVG – 0190 (Idikum, SC, iprodion, 133 g/l + Imidacloprid, 100 g/l + diphenoconazole, 6.7 g/l)-1.0 – 1.5 l/t and a mixture of the fungicide Syncler, SC (75 g/l fludioxonyl) and the insecticide Tabu Super, SC (Imidacloprid, 400 g/l and fipronil, 100 g/l)-0.2-0.3 l/t. According to the results of three-year tests, it was found that the etching of potato tubers before planting does not have a negative impact on the germination and biometric indicators of growth and development of potatoes. Their use helped to reduce the development and spread of rhizoctoniosis and provided almost complete protection of potatoes from the first generation of the Colorado beetle – during the mass appearance of older larvae and during the beginning of the departure of larvae for pupation. Biological efficacy against Rhizoctonia amounted to 58.8-66,3%, the Colorado potato beetle – 93,7 95.5 per cent. The use of new potato tuber protectants allowed to increase the gross yield by 6.2-7.1 t / ha or 30.9-35.3% compared to the control. Treatment of seed tubers with protectants helped to obtain a crop free from rhizoctoniosis and increase the yield of standard healthy potatoes by 57.7

INFLUENCE OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA) INTERCROP ON GROWTH AND FRUIT YIELDS OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP.) IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. OLASANTAN ◽  
A. W. SALAU ◽  
E. E. ONUH
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Earthworm Casts ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Premium Price ◽  
Capsicum Spp

In tropical Africa, pepper (Capsicum spp.) is grown as a rainfed crop, and its production is limited by the long, hot growing season. Field experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta) on the growth and yields of three pepper cultivars and gross returns in 2001–2003. In Experiment 1, pepper (cv. Sombo) was planted between rows of cassava cvs Idileru (PI), Odongbo (PO) and TMS 30572 (PT). In Experiment 2, pepper cvs Sombo, Tatase and Atarodo, were mixed with TMS 30572 (MS, MT or MA). The growth environment for the intercropped pepper differed from sole crops of pepper. Radiant energy reaching the soil surface, maximum diurnal soil and canopy temperatures, and weed growth were lower with intercropping, with the lowest values being observed in the PI and PT intercrops. Similarly, soil moisture content and the number of earthworm casts were greater with intercropping, with the highest values also occurring in the PI and PT intercrops. In both experiments, fresh fruit yields of pepper depended on the duration of harvest, the number of fruits per plant and the weight of fruits. In Experiment 1, although the number of fruits and fruit yield of cv. Sombo were greater in the sole crop (SP) than the PO intercrop, the fruit yields in the PI and PT intercrops were similar to those of the SP plot. In Experiment 2, the number of fruits and yield of intercropped pepper cvs Tatase, Sombo and Atarodo were 25–28 % higher, on average, than in pure stands. Cassava tuber yield was not affected by intercropped pepper in either experiment. Total gross returns were greater than growing either pepper or cassava in monoculture. Increased total gross returns in the intercrops were obtained in the PI and PT treatments and in the MS and MA treatments without a significant reduction in pepper fruit yield. By promoting early fruit set and harvest, and bearing in mind the cumulative gross returns, mixing pepper and cassava enhanced the value of the vegetable, as early fresh pepper fruits command a premium price. It is concluded that pepper can be grown between cassava rows to provide a suitable environment for growth, but that this depends on the cassava cultivar. Using the less tall early cassava cultivar, with a relatively moderate leaf area index in a mixture with pepper is therefore recommended.

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