Experimental Assessment of the Glued Laminated Timber Beams in 4-Point Bending Tests and Photoelastic Coating Technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Ludomir J. Jankowski ◽  
Tomasz Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Experimental Assessment ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Coating Technique ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Photoelastic Coating ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Good Agreement

The paper presents the results of investigation on seven glued laminated timber (GL24h class) bending beams. Bending strength and modulus of elasticity were determined. The beams were tested for four-point bending by loading them at a constant speed deflection. The strain gauge method and photoelastic coating technique were applied for strain distributions determination in selected cross-sections of the beams. Good agreement of the measurement results was obtained with both techniques. Application of the photoelastic coating technique enabled more detailed analysis of the beams failure mode, including timber defects influence on the strain distributions.

Correlation of Tensile and Bending Strength of Composites With a Circular Hole

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-547
Author(s):  
Yi Zhao ◽  
Su-Seng Pang ◽  
Chihdar Yang
Keyword(s):  
Circular Hole ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Elliptic Hole ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Orthotropic Plates ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Circular Holes ◽  
Good Agreement

While significant studies have been conducted on composites containing a circular or an elliptic hole under tensile loading, few investigations have been reported on notched composites under bending due to the complex nature of the problem. In this paper, a correlation of strengths of orthotropic plates containing a circular hole under tension and bending has been proposed based on Lekhnitskii’s solutions for infinite width plates. Finite element analysis has been performed to verify the theoretical correlation. Uniaxial tension and four-point bending tests have also been conducted on Scotchply samples with circular holes of various sizes. A good agreement has been observed among the theoretical, FEA, and experimental results.

scholarly journals Bending Behavior of Splice Connection for Mengkulang Glued Laminated Timber Beam

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (SI4) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Rohana Hassan ◽  
Tengku Anita Raja Husin ◽  
Nor Jihan Abd Malek ◽  
Mohd Sapuan Salit
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Strength Failure ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
Bending Behavior ◽  
Open Access Article

This paper presents the experimental bending strength of steel dowelled splice glulam timber made of 'Mengkulang' species. Bending tests were conducted under a four-point bending load. Six (6) glulam specimens with 45mm x 90mm x 1800mm were loaded. Three (3) specimens were full beams as the control and three (3) splice beams dowelled with grade 8.8; 20 mm diameter steel rod. The embedded length of the steel dowel was 60mm and glued at 2mm thickness on both sides. Results show that the bending strength of the glulam control beam performed 74.18% higher than the splice beams with an increment of 58.26% displacement. Keywords: Structural material, flexural strength, failure mode, dowelled connection eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.3029

scholarly journals Switchable stiffness morphing aerostructures based on granular jamming

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (17) ◽  
pp. 2581-2594 ◽  
Author(s):  
J David Brigido-González ◽  
Steve G Burrow ◽  
Benjamin KS Woods
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
External Loads ◽  
Structural Solutions ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Good Agreement

One of the persistent challenges facing the development of morphing aerostructures is the need to have material and structural solutions which provide a compromise between the competing design drivers of low actuation energy and high stiffness under external loads. This work proposes a solution to this challenge in the form of a novel switchable stiffness structural concept based on the principle of granular jamming. In this article, the concept of using granular jamming for controlling stiffness is first introduced. Four-point bending tests are used to obtain the flexural rigidity and bending stiffness of three different granular materials under different levels of applied vacuum loading. Nonlinear finite element analysis simulations using experimentally derived nonlinear material properties show good agreement with experiment. A specific application of this concept is then proposed based on the Fish Bone Active Camber morphing airfoil. A unit cell of this concept is built, tested and analysed, followed by the first prototype of a complete switchable stiffness Fish Bone Active Camber morphing airfoil, which is experimentally shown to be able to achieve an increase in stiffness of up to 300% due to granular jamming.

Cement Composite Reinforced with Synthetic Fibers: Comparison of Three-Point and Four-Point Bending Test Results

2016 ◽  
Vol 827 ◽  
pp. 332-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Topič ◽  
Jan Bartoš ◽  
Lubomír Kopecký ◽  
Karel Šeps ◽  
Zdeněk Prošek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Cement Composite ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Pet Fibers ◽  
Four Point Bending Test

Presented article deals with the influence of PET fiber production on the bending strength of cement-based composite when incorporated into the fresh mortar, and comparison of results of 3-point and 4-point bending test. Cement paste samples were reinforced with 2 wt. % of primary or recycled PET fibers. The bending test was performed on prismatic samples with dimension of 40 × 40 × 160 mm. It was found that samples with recycled PET fibers, compared to primary ones, exhibit a decrease in bending strength. In the case of 4-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers exhibited higher bending strength than reference samples without any fibers. However, in the case of 3-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers had lower bending strength than the reference ones. The results suggest that recycled PET fibers could be used as an alternative to reinforce cement-based composites.

Bending Strength of Finger Jointed Kelat Wood (Syzygium spp.) as Affected by Finger Length and Orientation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
Nur Hasmiza Abdul Hamid ◽  
Mansur Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Falah Abu
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Finger Joint ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Finger Length ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber

The aim of this study was to determine the bending strength of finger joint of Kelat wood (Syzygiumspp.) bonded using Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde (PRF). Three finger-jointed Kelat wood with finger length of 12 mm, 13 mm and 15 mm respectively were manufactured and tested. In addition, the effects of different orientation (horizontal and vertical) of fingers were also examined. Bending tests were carried out to determine the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of the finger jointed samples in accordance to BS EN 373 standard. The results show that 15 mm finger length exhibited significantly higher means of MOE and MOR with the values of 17635.12 MPa and 72.59 MPa respectively, as compared to the shorter finger length (p≤0.05). This suggests that the bending strength was influenced by the finger length. The result also shows that bending strength of vertical finger joint is not significantly different compared to horizontal finger joint (p≥0.05). Therefore, the results obtained in this study is useful to provide base line data for a subsequent work which involve the manufacturing of glued laminated timber (glulam) from this timber species.

Bending strength of ceramic compounds bonded with silicate-based glass solder

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 593-598
Author(s):  
Jan-Oliver Sass ◽  
Abdessalam Jakobi ◽  
Aurica Mitrovic ◽  
Cornelia Ganz ◽  
Jennifer Wilken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Ethanol Treatment ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Bonding Parameters ◽  
Soldering Process ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Process Pressure ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Ceramic Compounds

Abstract In the field of dental technology, the length of ceramic pontics is limited to avoid mechanical failure. To reduce thermal-induced residual stress within the ceramic, using smaller subcomponents and subsequent bonding with silicate-based glass solder may be a favorable approach. Thus, the bending strength of zirconia compounds bonded with different silicate-based glass solders was investigated. For this purpose, rectangular specimens made of zirconia were bonded by glass solder. Parameters such as the scarf angle (45° and 90°), two different glass solders, as well as the soldering process (pressure and surface treatment) were varied. All specimens were subjected to quasi-static four-point bending tests according to DIN EN ISO 843-1. Additionally, the quality of the glass solder connection was evaluated using μCT and fractography. In the present study, zirconia compounds were sucessful bonded of zirconia compounds using silicate-based glass solder was. No significant differences in terms of bending strength were observed with respect to the different bonding parameters analyzed. The highest bending strength of 130.6 ± 50.5 MPa was achieved with a 90° scarf angle combined with ethanol treatment of the specimens before soldering and an additional application of a pressure of 2 bars in a dental pressure pot before subsequent soldering. Nevertheless, the bending strengths were highly decreased when compared to monolithic zirconia specimens (993.4 ± 125.5 MPa).

scholarly journals Estimation of the perpendicular-to-the-grain tensile strength of Scots pine glued laminated timber via three-point bending tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigefumi Okamoto ◽  
Nobuhiko Akiyama ◽  
Noboru Nakamura ◽  
Kenji Aoki ◽  
Masahiro Inayama
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Specimen Height ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThree-point bending tests were performed on specimens of glued laminated timber with different specimen heights to failure to determine the relationship between specimen height and bending strength under tension perpendicular to the grain. For the three-point bending tests, two types of glued laminated timber composed of homogeneous grade timber, as specified in the Japanese Agricultural Standard, were used. The laminae used for the glued laminated timber were L80 grade Scots pine and L110 grade Scots pine. The specimens used in the three-point bending tests had dimensions of 105 mm (width) and 10–300 mm (height). The experimental results showed that the bending strength decreased as the specimen height increased, but the rate of decrease in the bending strength decreased with increasing specimen height when the specimen height exceeded 100 mm. From the relationship between the bending strength and specimen height, parameters that fit Bažant’s size-effect law were derived, and for a specimen height of approximately 100 mm, the bending strength was equal to the perpendicular-to-the-grain tensile strength.

Structural Properties of Immature Canine Bone

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Torzilli ◽  
K. Takebe ◽  
A. H. Burstein ◽  
K. G. Heiple
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Tissue Material

Structural properties of growing canine long bones were determined from three and four-point bending tests. Mechanical and geometric properties were found to follow a biphasic growth process, with a rapid increase in bending strength and moment of inertia from 1 to 24 wk of age and a substantially decreased rate thereafter to maturity. Predicted bone tissue material properties were also found to follow this biphasic developmental process.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Mixed I-214 Poplar/Pinus Sylvestris Laminated Timber Subjected to Bending Loadings

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3134
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Rescalvo ◽  
Cristian Timbolmas ◽  
Rafael Bravo ◽  
Antolino Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Acoustic Resonance ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Non Destructive

The structural use of timber coming from fast growing and low-grade species such as poplar is one of the current challenges in the wood value chains, through the development of engineering products. In this work, a qualitative comparison of the behavior of mixed glued laminated timber made of pine in their outer layers and of poplar in their inner layers is shown and discussed. Single-species poplar and pine laminated timber have been used as control layouts. The investigation includes destructive four-point bending tests and three non-destructive methodologies: finite elements numerical model; semi-analytical model based on the Parallel Axes theorem and acoustic resonance testing. An excellent agreement between experimental and numerical results is obtained. Although few number of samples have been tested, the results indicate that the use of poplar as a low-grade species in the inner layers of the laminated timber can be a promising technology to decrease the weight of the timber maintaining the good mechanical properties of pine. Likewise, the need for the use of the shear modulus in both experimental measurements and numerical analysis is suggested, as well as the need to reformulate the vibration methodology for non-destructive grading in the case of mixed timber.

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