Mixing and Comparative Properties of NR Compounds Filled with Different Types of Reinforcing Fillers

2017 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 172-176
Author(s):  
Pattarawadee Maijan ◽  
Nitinart Saetung ◽  
Wisut Kaewsakul
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Modified Silica ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cure Time

Mixing behaviors of the compounds filled with different reinforcing fillers were studied in correlation with compound and vulcanizate properties. Four filler systems were used including: 1) silica plus small amount of silane coupling agent; 2) carbon black; 3) pre-modified silica; and 4) silica+silane-carbon black mixed one. The results have shown that silica provides longer optimum cure time and shorter cure rate than carbon black due to accelerator adsorption on silica surface. In addition, owing to highly polar nature on silica surface the silica-based compounds show rather high viscosity, attributed to stronger filler-filler interaction as can be confirmed by Payne effect and reinforcement index. However, the commercial surface treatment or pre-modified form of silica shows superior properties than in-situ modification of silica by silane during mixing, while it gives comparable properties to carbon black-based compound. Tensile properties of vulcanizates show a good correlation with the basic properties of their compounds.

scholarly journals Comparison between SBR Compounds Filled with In-Situ and Ex-Situ Silanized Silica

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Pilar Bernal-Ortega ◽  
Rafal Anyszka ◽  
Yoshihiro Morishita ◽  
Raffaele di Ronza ◽  
Anke Blume
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Silanized Silica

The main advantages of the use of silica instead of carbon black in rubber compounds are based on the use of a silane coupling agent. The use of a coupling agent to modify the silica surface improves the compatibility between the silica and the rubber. There are two different possibilities of modifying the silica surface by silane: ex-situ and in-situ. The present work studies the differences between these processes and how they affect the in-rubber properties of silica filled SBR compounds.

The Chemistry of Carbon Black in Rubber Reinforcement

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Sweitzer ◽  
K. A. Burgess ◽  
F. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Chemisorbed Oxygen ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Different Types

Abstract 1. The removal of chemisorbed oxygen from channel black and furnace black, without alteration of the underlying carbon surface, results in only minor effects in reinforcement potential regardless of the curative system employed, whether polar or free radical. 2. When the underlying carbon surface is changed by heat treatment to a state of lower energy, a significant decrease in the reinforcing ability of the carbon black results. 3. Different types of oxygen functional groups added to the carbon surface produce similar effects upon rubber properties. 4. These effects are limited to retardation of cure rate in sulfur curing systems. Only small effects of any kind are produced in the natural rubber-peroxide system. 5. The net conclusion to be drawn is that combined oxygen on the carbon surface plays a relatively minor role in the chemical effect of carbon black upon reinforcement; the nature of the carbon surface itself is of primary importance.

Moisture Effects on TESPD-Silica/CB/SBR Compounds

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-Jea Kim ◽  
John VanderKooi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Moisture Effects ◽  
Mooney Viscosity ◽  
Heat Build Up ◽  
Internal Mixer

Abstract Moisture was treated on a silica surface and it was added into bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide (TESPD)/carbon black (CB)/S-SBR compound and mixed in an internal mixer. The effects of moisture were investigated with respect to the temperature rise during mixing, processability, cure characteristics, and mechanical properties and two-pass (2P) mixings were compared with conventional three-pass (3P) mixings. Addition of the moisture treated silica into the compound lowered the heat generation during mixing, lowered the drop temperature, decreased the scorch time, lowered the heat build up, lowered the tanδ (E″/E′), increased the Mooney viscosity, increased the torque rise (MH-ML), increased the elongation modulus, increased the blow out time, and increased the deformation%. The properties of each compound were gradually increased with the level of moisture and the 2P mixing procedure generated less heat during mixing and exhibited better mechanical properties than the 3P mixing one. The addition of water molecules improved the silane reaction with silica surface via improved hydrolysis and resulted in an increased level of cross-linking. It also seemed hydrolyzes the benzothiazolesulfenamide accelerator and resulted in a faster scorch and an increased cure rate.

Effect of Modified Silica Fume and Cellulose Fiber Used as Fillers on Properties of Antivibration Rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 877 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Rudeerat Suntako
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Silica Fume ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Modified Silica ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Rubber Product

The effect of modified silica fume (mSF) and cellulose fiber (CF) content on the cure characteristics, mooney viscosity, mechanical, durability and heat resistance properties are investigated; as compared with SF and unfilled natural rubber. From the results reveal that mSF and CF affect not only fast cure rate, high viscosity but also improve rubber mechanical and heat resistance properties. Additionally, the mSF and CF are added into the natural rubber to produce antivibration rubber product and then study the rubber product performance such as durability properties. The mSF and CF effective in improving the crack resistance of antivibration rubber product more than SF and unfilled natural rubber which is due to enhancing the stiffness. The all obtained results, it can be proved that mSF and CF as the new alternative fillers in rubber industry.

Brass Powder in Rubber Vulcanizates. The Effect on Adhesion

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1170-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Copper Powder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Brass Powder ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Catalyzed Oxidation

Abstract Natural rubber vulcanizates loaded with brass powder showed an increase in crosslinking (by swelling measurements), indicating an interaction or bonding between the rubber and brass. Techniques previously employed with reinforcing fillers such as carbon black were used to evaluate the effect of brass on adhesion. The addition of brass powder decreased the scorch time and optimum cure time indicating that the rubber immediately surrounding the brass was being cured at a faster rate. Copper powder, on the other hand, inhibited the cure completely. When exposed to air or oxygen, even small amounts of brass catalyzed oxidation of the rubber.

Dynamics of Nanoparticle Chain Aggregates of Carbon Under Tension

2003 ◽  
Vol 778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya ◽  
Weizhi Rong ◽  
Yong J. Suh ◽  
Sheldon K. Friedlander
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Polymer Film ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Chain Aggregates ◽  
Nanoparticle Chains ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

AbstractCarbon black in the form of nanoparticle chains is used as a reinforcing filler in elastomers. However, the dynamics of the filler particles under tension and their role in the improvement of the mechanical properties of rubber are not well understood. We have studied experimentally the dynamics of isolated nanoparticle chain aggregates (NCAs) of carbon made by laser ablation, and also that of carbon black embedded in a polymer film. In situ studies of stretching and contraction of such chains in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) were conducted under different maximum values of strain. Stretching causes initially folded NCA to reorganize into a straight, taut configuration. Further stretching leads to either plastic deformation and breakage (at 37.4% strain) or to a partial elastic behavior of the chain at small strains (e.g. 2.3% strain). For all cases the chains were very flexible under tension. Similar reorientation and stretching was observed for carbon black chains embedded in a polymer film. Such flexible and elastic nature of NCAs point towards a possible mechanism of reinforcement of rubber by carbon black fillers.

Pb Electrodeposition in the Presence of Chlorine Ions on Cu(100): An in Situ Optical Reflectivity Difference Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gray ◽  
W. Schwarzacher ◽  
X.D. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Oblique Incidence ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
Bulk Phase ◽  
Phase Layer ◽  
Optical Reflectivity ◽  
Scan Rate ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chlorine Ions ◽  
High Overpotentials

AbstractWe studied the initial stages of the electrodeposition of Pb in the presence of chlorine ions on Cu(100), using an oblique-incidence optical reflectivity difference (OIRD) technique. The OI-RD results reveal that immediately following the underpotential deposition (UPD) of the first Pb monolayer, two different types of bulk-phase films grow depending upon the magnitude of overpotential and cyclic voltammetry (CV) scan rate. At low overpotentials and/or slow scan rates, we propose that a bulk-phase Pb film grows on top of the UPD monolayer. At high overpotentials and/or fast scan rates, either a PbO, PbCl2, or a rough Pb bulk-phase layer grows on top of the UPD layer such that the reflectivity difference signal from such a film has an opposite sign.

scholarly journals Selected In Situ Hybridization Methods: Principles and Application

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3874
Author(s):  
Dominika Veselinyová ◽  
Jana Mašlanková ◽  
Katarina Kalinová ◽  
Helena Mičková ◽  
Mária Mareková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Probe Design ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
The Individual

We are experiencing rapid progress in all types of imaging techniques used in the detection of various numbers and types of mutation. In situ hybridization (ISH) is the primary technique for the discovery of mutation agents, which are presented in a variety of cells. The ability of DNA to complementary bind is one of the main principles in every method used in ISH. From the first use of in situ techniques, scientists paid attention to the improvement of the probe design and detection, to enhance the fluorescent signal intensity and inhibition of cross-hybrid presence. This article discusses the individual types and modifications, and is focused on explaining the principles and limitations of ISH division on different types of probes. The article describes a design of probes for individual types of in situ hybridization (ISH), as well as the gradual combination of several laboratory procedures to achieve the highest possible sensitivity and to prevent undesirable events accompanying hybridization. The article also informs about applications of the methodology, in practice and in research, to detect cell to cell communication and principles of gene silencing, process of oncogenesis, and many other unknown processes taking place in organisms at the DNA/RNA level.

Ionic Crosslinking of Carboxylated SBR

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 942-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyosaku Sato
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
Ionic Crosslinking ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Ionic Bonds ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Ionic Crosslinks

Abstract 1. Ionic bonding of carboxylated SBR with zinc oxide is detectable by means of measurements of the temperature dependence of tan δ. There is an α peak in the region of 60°C at 3.5 Hz. The position and shape of the α peak are strongly dependent on the state of cure of the vulcanizates. Without permanent crosslinking, the α peak is a plateau; as the crosslink density increases, the α peak becomes sharper and shifts to lower temperatures. The presence of carbon black causes the α peak to shift to higher temperatures, regardless of the presence of permanent crosslinks. 2. Ionic bonds in carboxylated SBR reacted with zinc oxide are in the form of ion clusters which function as crosslinks at room temperature. The ionic crosslinks provide carboxylated SBR with high tensile strength in the absence of reinforcing fillers. The presence of carbon black causes the 300% modulus to increase. The ionic crosslinks are labile, and the strength is lost at moderately elevated temperatures. A mixed cure system consisting of both sulfur and zinc oxide provides higher heat resistance than either of the single cure systems.

A Study on Carbon Electro-Conductive Filler for the Epoxy Conductive Coating

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Bing Li ◽  
Yan Hong Li ◽  
Wen Xing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Conductive Filler ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Conductive Coating ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimal Mix ◽  
Oil Tank ◽  
Experiment Analysis

To ensure the use of oil tank safely, it is necessary that the conductive coating was used in inner oil tank. This paper concentrates on a study of the electrical properties (surface resistance rate) of epoxy resins filled with different types of carbon pigments, such as colloid graphite, carbon black and mixture of colloid graphite/carbon black, as well as on the investigation of some mechanical properties, appearance and morphology .To produce a light grey and conductive coating, titanium oxide and carbon electro-conductive pigments were investigated in this article. The objective of the experiment therefore was to choose the optimal electro-conductive filler and determine the optimal mix ratio of colloid graphite/ carbon black and titanium oxide /colloid graphite and titanium oxide /mixable electro-conductive filler. From the experiment analysis, it was found that the optimized colloid graphite and carbon black mix ratio is 3:1; the optimized titanium oxide and colloid graphite mix ratio is 1:1; the optimized titanium oxide and mixable electro-conductive filler mix ratio is 8:1. In terms of resistance rate and color, we may arrive at the conclusion that 15μm colloid graphite as the optimized electro- conductive pigments and the optimal mix ratio of titanium oxide /colloid graphite is 1:1.

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