The Chemistry of Carbon Black in Rubber Reinforcement

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Sweitzer ◽  
K. A. Burgess ◽  
F. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Chemisorbed Oxygen ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Different Types

Abstract 1. The removal of chemisorbed oxygen from channel black and furnace black, without alteration of the underlying carbon surface, results in only minor effects in reinforcement potential regardless of the curative system employed, whether polar or free radical. 2. When the underlying carbon surface is changed by heat treatment to a state of lower energy, a significant decrease in the reinforcing ability of the carbon black results. 3. Different types of oxygen functional groups added to the carbon surface produce similar effects upon rubber properties. 4. These effects are limited to retardation of cure rate in sulfur curing systems. Only small effects of any kind are produced in the natural rubber-peroxide system. 5. The net conclusion to be drawn is that combined oxygen on the carbon surface plays a relatively minor role in the chemical effect of carbon black upon reinforcement; the nature of the carbon surface itself is of primary importance.

Mixing and Comparative Properties of NR Compounds Filled with Different Types of Reinforcing Fillers

2017 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 172-176
Author(s):  
Pattarawadee Maijan ◽  
Nitinart Saetung ◽  
Wisut Kaewsakul
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Modified Silica ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cure Time

Mixing behaviors of the compounds filled with different reinforcing fillers were studied in correlation with compound and vulcanizate properties. Four filler systems were used including: 1) silica plus small amount of silane coupling agent; 2) carbon black; 3) pre-modified silica; and 4) silica+silane-carbon black mixed one. The results have shown that silica provides longer optimum cure time and shorter cure rate than carbon black due to accelerator adsorption on silica surface. In addition, owing to highly polar nature on silica surface the silica-based compounds show rather high viscosity, attributed to stronger filler-filler interaction as can be confirmed by Payne effect and reinforcement index. However, the commercial surface treatment or pre-modified form of silica shows superior properties than in-situ modification of silica by silane during mixing, while it gives comparable properties to carbon black-based compound. Tensile properties of vulcanizates show a good correlation with the basic properties of their compounds.

PHYSICAL ADSORPTION STUDIES IN CARBON BLACK TECHNOLOGY

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Polley ◽  
W. D. Schaeffer ◽  
W. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Chemisorbed Oxygen ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Cyclic Heat ◽  
Black Surface

The adsorption isotherms of n-butane and butene-1 on typical furnace and channel carbon blacks were determined over a range of temperatures, 55°–250 °C. The adsorption of n-butane on carbon black surfaces is attributed to physical adsorption; however, the extent of surface covered per unit area of carbon black is considerably greater at a given temperature than for a silica. Butene-1 is also physically adsorbed on the furnace blacks. The presence of approximately 3% chemisorbed oxygen on the surface of the channel blacks induces an isomerization of butene-1 to cis-butene-2. When oxygen is first chemisorbed on a furnace black surface, then that surface also interacts with butene-1. Those blacks which participate in the isomerization of butene-1 respond or "interact" in a cyclic heat treated Butyl rubber – carbon black masterbatch.

The Heat Treatment of Butyl-Carbon Black Compounds

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Edwards ◽  
E. B. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chemical Bonding ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Hysteresis Properties ◽  
Highly Loaded

Abstract 1. Heat enhancement effects with HAF black-GMF systems do not appear to involve a chemical bonding of the polymer to the carbon surface. The principal reasons for this view are : (a) Very similar physical properties are obtained, in the case of 50-part carbon black masterbatches, whether or not the black is present during the heat treatment. (b) When the carbon black content is increased, it is necessary to increase the quantity of GMF in order to produce a given degree of gelation. 2. With GMF, very satisfactory properties are obtained by heat-treating a highly loaded mixture and diluting this masterbatch with fresh polymer. Such a process is less sensitive to the time and temperature conditions of the heat treatment operation. 3. The application of such a procedure to Butyl-HAF black mixtures results in modulus and hysteresis properties approaching those of a conventionally mixed cold-rubber tread.

Effects of Different Types of Educational Tracking on Achievement and Achievement Variance

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Anne Leicht
Keyword(s):  
International Student ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Educational Tracking

Despite their stated intention of providing equal educational opportunity for all, many democratic countries separate their students into different classes or even different schools based on their demonstrated academic ability and likely future career. This practice is often referred to as “tracking or “ability grouping.” This study aims to determine whether different types of educational tracking have different effects on students’ academic achievement. Specifically, this study investigates whether disparities in educational achievement between students of highly educated versus minimally educated parents are greater in countries that practice more explicit and complete forms of tracking. It also explores tracking’s effects on average achievement and overall achievement variance. Analysis of data from the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicates that tracking generally does increase score disparities between children from different educational backgrounds. Tracking is also associated with higher overall variance of scores. At the same time, tracking may have a slight positive effect on average achievement. However, results are not consistent across all countries, and patterns are different in different subject areas and for different types of tracking. The results of this study neither condemn nor extol tracking. Rather, they indicate that tracking plays a relatively minor role in determining the quality and equity of an education system.

Hydrogen diffusion kinetics under different conditions applied to VT6 alloy

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
E. I. Maslikova ◽  
V. D. Andreeva ◽  
E. L. Alekseeva ◽  
Yu. A. Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Oxide Film ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Hydrogen Diffusion ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Protective Atmosphere ◽  
Diffusion Kinetics ◽  
Hydrogen Charging ◽  
Hydride Formation ◽  
Different Types

Research of hydrogen diffusion in VT6 alloy is carried out considering different types of heat treating and hydrogen charging. The influence of microalloying on the susceptibility to hydride formation and embrittlement of titanium alloys is analyzed, and also effects of an oxide film on hydrogen charging during heat treatment without protective atmosphere, are studied.

The influence of oxidized technical carbon N121 on the properties of butyl-based rubbers

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
M. N. Nagornaya ◽  
A. V. Myshliavtsev ◽  
S. Ya. Khodakova
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Rubber Mixture ◽  
Active Forms Of Oxygen ◽  
Technical Carbon ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the study were samples of channel technical carbon K354, furnace technical carbon N121 and experimental – based on TUN121, oxidized with active forms of oxygen. Samples of carbon black were studied in the composition of a rubber mixture based on BK 1675N butyl rubber. The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of using oxidized technical carbon N121 in fillers of rubber based on butyl rubber, instead of carbon black K354. The physicochemical properties of the samples of technical carbon under study, the results of physical and mechanical tests, and the gas permeability tests of rubber mixtures filled with the samples under study are presented. A conclusion is made about the possibility of replacing channel technical carbon K354 with furnace black carbon N121 oxidized with 30% hydrogen peroxide.

A Study on Carbon Electro-Conductive Filler for the Epoxy Conductive Coating

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Bing Li ◽  
Yan Hong Li ◽  
Wen Xing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Conductive Filler ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Conductive Coating ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimal Mix ◽  
Oil Tank ◽  
Experiment Analysis

To ensure the use of oil tank safely, it is necessary that the conductive coating was used in inner oil tank. This paper concentrates on a study of the electrical properties (surface resistance rate) of epoxy resins filled with different types of carbon pigments, such as colloid graphite, carbon black and mixture of colloid graphite/carbon black, as well as on the investigation of some mechanical properties, appearance and morphology .To produce a light grey and conductive coating, titanium oxide and carbon electro-conductive pigments were investigated in this article. The objective of the experiment therefore was to choose the optimal electro-conductive filler and determine the optimal mix ratio of colloid graphite/ carbon black and titanium oxide /colloid graphite and titanium oxide /mixable electro-conductive filler. From the experiment analysis, it was found that the optimized colloid graphite and carbon black mix ratio is 3:1; the optimized titanium oxide and colloid graphite mix ratio is 1:1; the optimized titanium oxide and mixable electro-conductive filler mix ratio is 8:1. In terms of resistance rate and color, we may arrive at the conclusion that 15μm colloid graphite as the optimized electro- conductive pigments and the optimal mix ratio of titanium oxide /colloid graphite is 1:1.

Radiotracer Studies of Carbon Black Surface Interactions with Organic Systems. I. Experimental Approach and Initial Results from Chemisorption and Vinyl Polymerization Studies

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Deviney ◽  
Lawrence E. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Surface Interactions ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Basic Reaction ◽  
Black Surface

Abstract Radiotracer techniques have been applied to the study of interactions of carbon black surface functional groups with two chosen organic systems. The basic reaction mechanisms demonstrated in this study may have implications in elastomer reinforcement. Direct radiochemical evidence supports the conclusions of Hallum and Drushel (based on less direct polarographic data) that surface quinonic groups exhibit hydrogen abstraction activity toward tertiary hydrogens in paraffinic hydrocarbons. Studies on the system carbon black and styrene using tritium radiotracer have provided direct evidence that phenolic hydrogens participate in the polymerization acceleration and graft polymer formation reaction and are transferred to the growing polystyrene chains as postulated by Donnet. Several methods have been developed for specifically labelling certain oxygenated functional groups on the carbon surface with tritium and for tritium labelling carbon black in aromatic hydrogen positions. The techniques developed in this work and the basic reaction mechanisms derived will permit this investigation to be extended into a radiochemical study of carbon black surface interactions with elastomer related systems of interest to the rubber industry.

Characterization of hybrid fillers based on carbon black of different types obtained by impregnation

2015 ◽  
Vol 231 (7) ◽  
pp. 584-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Omar A Al-Hartomy ◽  
Falleh R Al-Solamy ◽  
Nikolay Dishovsky ◽  
Petrunka Malinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Hybrid Fillers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Phases

The paper presents the investigations on obtaining dual phase fillers with preset silica content running a successful impregnation of two completely different types of conventional carbon black with silicasol. The hybrid fillers studied were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. The total pore volume, the average pore diameter, the specific surface area, the oil absorption number, and iodine adsorption of the fillers were also investigated. The distribution of both phases within the hybrid filler obtained and their interpenetration were investigated with scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The hybrid products obtained were investigated as reinforcing fillers of natural rubber-based composites. The results obtained show that the suggested impregnation with silicasol of conventional carbon black is a perspective method for preparation of carbon-silica dual phase fillers. The method provides an easy control over the quantitative ratio between the two phases. The fillers thus prepared do not change significantly the curing and mechanical characteristics of the vulcanizates, but improve their thermal aging resistance. The isolation of the carbon black aggregates by the silica phase, and the interpenetration of the two phases is a prerequisite to obtain elastomer composites of good mechanical and microwave properties suitable for producing of microwave shielding devices.

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