GRASSHOPPER CONTROL: LABORATORY TESTING AS A MEANS OF EVALUATING FIELD PERFORMANCE

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. McKinlay
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Control Laboratory ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Control Equivalent ◽  
Better Than

AbstractFourteen insecticides were tested by direct contact against second-instar nymphs of a grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes F. Of these, seven were judged to be sufficiently promising to be compared for toxicity and persistence as deposits on wheat seedlings. Comparison with a dieldrin standard showed that Dursban, Dibrom, and malathion were extremely effective by contact but had little persistence on growing wheat. Baygon was extremely effective by contact and showed some persistence. CIBA 9643 and dimethoate were the only two compounds to show persistent effects almost equivalent to dieldrin, and CIBA 9643 was more toxic than dieldrin by direct contact.It was concluded that CIBA 9643 was the only compound, of those tested, which might give grasshopper control equivalent to, or better than, dieldrin or the currently recommended dimethoate.

Aboveground Field Performance of Douglas-Fir Heartwood Subjected to Combinations of Glycerol, Boron, and Thermal Modification

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Li Yan ◽  
Jed Cappallazzi ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Copper Azole ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The effect of pretreatment with either boron or glycerol followed by thermal modification on the durability of Douglas-fir heartwood was evaluated in an American Wood Protection Association ground proximity test in Hilo, Hawaii. Non–thermally modified samples were generally more heavily decayed than any of the modified woods, but there was no consistent effect of different thermal modification conditions on decay resistance. Thermally modified woods tended to perform better than untreated timbers but not as well as copper azole–treated Douglas-fir heartwood lumber in test at the same site. The results are discussed in relation to how the extreme site conditions might have made it difficult for thermally modified materials to perform.

Early Development of Three Douglas-Fir Stocktypes on a Droughty Skeletal Soil

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Hobbs ◽  
Michael S. Crawford ◽  
Beverly A. Yelczyn
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Southwest Oregon ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Three stocktypes of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) were planted in a droughty, skeletal soil in southwest Oregon. After 5 years, container-grown plugs and plug-1 transplants survived significantly better than 2-0 bareroots. Seedling root systems were largely confined to the surface soil, with relatively little development upslope or deeper than 15 cm. Stocktype morphology differed significantly at planting. However, annual absolute growth, annual relative growth, and shoot and root characteristics did not differ significantly after 5 years. These results suggest that, on similar sites, seedling morphological characteristics within the range of those measured in this study may not affect growth and that stocktype designation along may not be adequate for predicting field performance. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):21-24, January 1989.

TOXICITY OF DIFLUBENZURON TO NYMPHS OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Elliott ◽  
R. Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Potential Field ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Wheat Seedlings

AbstractLaboratory tests showed that nymphs of the migratory grasshopper are very sensitive to diflubenzuron (Dimilin) when reared continuously on treated wheat seedlings or artificial diet and fresh lettuce. At concentrations of 10 ppm or above, diflubenzuron completely inhibited moulting of 2nd-instar nymphs. With continuous exposure on treated wheat seedlings, the LC90 values after 8, 12 and 20 days were 10.0, 2.4 and 0.8 ppm, respectively. Comparable values were obtained with the artificial diet and lettuce. However, when 2nd instars were placed on diflubenzuron-treated wheat foliage for 1 day then transferred onto untreated plants, toxicity declined markedly.Although the toxic effects of diflubenzuron were delayed, dry weight determinations on wheat seedlings indicated that nymphal feeding damage was insignificant if the plants had been sprayed with 10 ppm diflubenzuron.The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the potential field use of diflubenzuron against stationary and mobile grasshopper nymphs.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Soil Cell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianghao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Monitoring Result ◽  
Perforated Pipe ◽  
Development Practice

Soil Cell is a novel Low-Impact Development practice that is suitable for densely developed urban environment. This thesis seeks to gain further understanding of soil cell’s performance in terms of water quality and quality control; and to assess the exfiltration performance of perforated pipe in soil cells by monitoring an active cell. The monitoring result showed that the cell was very effective in treating particulate (90% concentration reduction), metal (91% lead concentration reduction to 53% copper concentration reduction) and phosphorus (74% concentration reduction). The cell was ineffective in treating chloride (1% concentration increase, no statistical significance) and even caused nitrate leaching (65% concentration increase). Field performance of the soil cell indicated that the inflow perforated backed up frequently, restricting the flow into the cell but laboratory testing of the perforated pipes’ hydraulic performance confirms that the pipe has a sufficient capacity to convey the flows of up to 10 L/s.

scholarly journals Physiological Responses of Gold Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) to Reduced Irrigation

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa M. Mills ◽  
Jianming Li ◽  
M. Hossein Behboudian
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Better Than

Information on water relations and water stress physiology of Actinidia chinensis Planch. is scant. We aimed at providing such information by exposing potted 1-year-old plants to reduced irrigation in a glasshouse. The treatments were control (C) receiving sufficient water to replace 100% of evapotranspiration, early (E) reduced irrigation for 13 days earlier in the experiment, late (L) reduced irrigation for 13 days later in the experiment, and recovery (R) undergoing E and L with 5 days of full irrigation in between to recover from E. All plants were fully watered between early and late episodes of reduced irrigation. Soil volumetric water content was lower in E, L, and R compared with C, leading to lower leaf water potential, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal conductance (gs). Pn was lower in the reduced irrigation vines only when gs was below 0.1 mol·m−2·s−1. High leaf temperature in the glasshouse imposed nonstomatal limitations to photosynthesis as indicated by elevated internal leaf CO2 concentrations (Ci). Following rewatering, the stressed vines showed rapid recovery of leaf water potential and photosynthesis. However, Ci and gs were slower to respond. There was an indication of osmotic adjustment in leaves under reduced irrigation. Discrimination against 13CO2 was the same among the treatments. A. chinensis had better stomatal control under water stress compared with Actinidia deliciosa, for which some information is available. Water stress history in A. chinensis encouraged more drought resistance in the subsequent water stress period, but this was not sustained. Although field performance of A. chinensis under water stress is expected to be better than what we have presented here, long periods of deficit irrigation for this species cannot be recommended.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF LYCOPENE ON SPERMATOZOA MORPHOLOGY IN Balb/C MICE EXPOSED TO 2-METHOXYETHANOL (2-ME)

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Sandra Dewi Sitaresmi ◽  
Reny I'tishom ◽  
Arifa Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Better Than

The compound of 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) is one of toxic materials that potentially damage male reproductive organs. This compound can enter the body by various means of direct contact through the skin, respiratory and digestive tract. This compound can cause oxidative stress in spermatozoa which is the main cause of spermatozoa dysfunction. Lycopene, also known as red pigment, is an antioxidant class of carotene. Lycopene has antioxidant activity  twice stronger than beta carotene and ten times stronger than vitamin E. Thus, the lycopene reaction as an antioxidant in the body is better than vitamin A, C, E, and other minerals. This study was conducted to determine the effects of lycopene on spermatozoa morphology in mice exposed to 2-ME. The study was conducted on 30 mice, divided into 5 groups. The K-group was the control group without 2-methoxyethanol and lycopene, the K + group was the group with 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol on days 1-5, and the P1, P2 and P3 groups were the ones with 200 mg/kg BW 2-methoxyethanol on days 1-5 and lycopene doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg BW on days 6-35. 2-ME was given intraperito-neally and lycopene was given per sonde. On day 36, the mice were sacrificed and the epididymis and vas deferens were removed for morphological examination of spermatozoa. The observations were performed using a microscope with 1000x magnification. The results showed that there was significant difference. In the morphology of spermatozoa, the administration of lycopene increases normal morphological percentage of spermatozoa in mice exposed to 2-ME.

Laboratory Testing of Tread-Stock Abrasion Resistance at Constant Transmitted Power II. A New Laboratory Abrasion Instrument

1965 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-492
Author(s):  
S. Davison ◽  
M. A. Deisz ◽  
D. J. Meier ◽  
R. J. Reynolds ◽  
R. D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Transmitted Power ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Abrasive Wheel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Abrasion Testing

Abstract The first paper in this series described the results of laboratory measurements and road evaluation tests on a series of tread stocks over a wide range of severities, and indicated the various advantages and limitations involved in the laboratory and road measurements. It is the purpose of the present paper to describe in greater detail the abrasion instrument used in these studies. The laboratory measurement of abrasion resistance was reviewed by Buist in 1950. The paper describes 21 laboratory abraders. Developments in abrasion instruments and methods which have since appeared in the literature have been primarily concerned with modifications and refinements on these basic types. A novel type of instrument described by Newton, Grinter and Sears, uses stationary knife blades to scrape a rotating rubber disc. The research group at the Emeryville Shell Development laboratories investigating characterization of elastomeric properties some years ago decided that its requirements in laboratory abrasion testing could best be satisfied by an abrader of the Dunlop-Lambourn type because of its versatility in providing control of angular velocity, load, slip, energy transfer, and temperature. Also, in the Lambourn abrader, the motor-driven vulcanizate wheel driving a braked abrasive wheel resembles the action of a driven tire rolling on a pavement. A given section of the tire tread surface is subjected to stressing and abrasion only during the portion of the cycle when in direct contact with the abrading surface. Cooling and relaxation occur during the portion of the cycle when the section is not in contact with the surface. Viscoelastic and abrasion mechanisms can operate in the laboratory at frequency levels approximating those encountered in road tests.

scholarly journals A Hydroponic Seedling Assay for Resistance to Cephalosporium Stripe of Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1126-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Christopher C. Mundt
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Southern Plains ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Cephalosporium Gramineum ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
The U.S

A procedure was developed to rate winter wheat seedlings approximately 20 days old for resistance to Cephalosporium stripe, a vascular wilt caused by the soilborne fungus Cephalosporium gramineum. Seedlings were inoculated after 12 to 15 days of growth in liquid culture in controlled-environment chambers, then assessed for disease symptoms at 7 to 8 days post-inoculation. Disease severity was assayed by measuring chlorophyll in the youngest fully expanded leaf, using a chlorophyll meter. Four replicated trials tested a total of 12 winter wheat cultivars, including both hard red cultivars from the U.S. Southern Plains and soft white winter cultivars from the U.S. Pacific Northwest. With one exception, the procedure consistently ranked cultivars correctly, according to field performance, as moderately resistant or susceptible. Jagger, a moderately resistant, hard red Kansas wheat, was ranked with susceptible cultivars in one of three trials.

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