A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION IN THE LADYBIRD BEETLE, HIPPODAMIA CONVERGENS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Gutierrez ◽  
J. U. Baumgaertner ◽  
K. S. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Hippodamia Convergens ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
Ladybird Beetle ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Growth Development

AbstractA simple model for growth and development of the ladybird beetle (Hippodamia convergens G-M.) which partitions aphid biomass eaten into components of excretion, assimilation, growth and/or reproduction, and metabolic costs associated with searching and maintenance respiration is reported. All parameters in the model were estimated from simple minimal laboratory experiments, and have biological and/or physical meaning. The effects of predator nutrition on aging, survival, and emigration were also modelled. Most rates in the model for growth, reproduction, and respiration are controlled by the interplay between prey consumption and maximum prey biomass demands. The model for biomass flow is related to standard predator/prey theory.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis reveals a role for the nervous system in regulating growth and development of Fasciola hepatica juveniles

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Robb ◽  
Erin McCammick ◽  
Duncan Wells ◽  
Paul McVeigh ◽  
Erica Gardiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Neuronal Signalling ◽  
Growth Development

Fasciola spp. liver fluke have significant impacts in veterinary and human medicine. The absence of a vaccine and increasing anthelmintic resistance threaten sustainable control and underscore the need for novel flukicides. Functional genomic approaches underpinned by in vitro culture of juvenile Fasciola hepatica facilitate control target validation in the most pathogenic life stage. Comparative transcriptomics of in vitro and in vivo maintained 21 day old F. hepatica finds that 86% of genes are expressed at similar levels across maintenance treatments suggesting commonality in core biological functioning within these juveniles. Phenotypic comparisons revealed higher cell proliferation and growth rates in the in vivo juveniles compared to their in vitro counterparts. These phenotypic differences were consistent with the upregulation of neoblast-like stem cell and cell-cycle associated genes in in vivo maintained worms. The more rapid growth/development of in vivo juveniles was further evidenced by a switch in cathepsin protease expression profiles, dominated by cathepsin B in in vitro juveniles and then by cathepsin L in in vivo juveniles. Coincident with more rapid growth/development was the marked downregulation of both classical and peptidergic neuronal signalling components in in vivo maintained juveniles, supporting a role for the nervous system in regulating liver fluke growth and development. Differences in the miRNA complements of in vivo and in vitro juveniles identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs, notably fhe-let-7a-5p , fhe-mir-124-3p and, miRNAs predicted to target Wnt-signalling, supporting a key role for miRNAs in driving the growth/developmental differences in the in vitro and in vivo maintained juvenile liver fluke. Widespread differences in the expression of neuronal genes in juvenile fluke grown in vitro and in vivo expose significant interplay between neuronal signalling and the rate of growth/development, encouraging consideration of neuronal targets in efforts to dysregulate growth/development for parasite control.

scholarly journals Effects of γCo-60 radiation on the growth and development of peppermint (Mentha arvensis L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tran Thi ◽  
Truong Giang Nguyen ◽  
Hong Gam Bui Thi ◽  
Quang Luan Le
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Essential Oil Yield

In this study, mints were regenerated from calluses irradiated by γ - rays (Co-60) at doses from 0 to 70 Gy. After 4 times of propagation, the M1V4 mints were transferred in a greenhouse for assessments of growth, development and essential oil content. Mint regenerated from calluses irradiated at low doses (0, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 Gy) showed no morphological difference compared to the control plants. However, low-dose irradiated mints showed better effect on growth and development, and mints regenerated from 6Gy-irradiated sample had essential oil content with 1.3 times higher than that of control group. In case of plants irradiated at higher dose (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Gy), there were morphological variations such as stem become bigger and color of stem become purple. Especially, samples irradiated at 60 Gy showed better in growth, development and essential oil content (1.34 times higher than the control plants) and these characters were stable in M1V4. Among the irradiated mints, purple stem variations had the highest essential oil yield with 1.7 times higher than that of the original plants.

scholarly journals Altered miRNA and mRNA Expression in Sika Deer Skeletal Muscle with Age

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Boyin Jia ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Qining Li ◽  
Jiali Zhang ◽  
Chenxia Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Sika Deer ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Development And Aging

Studies of the gene and miRNA expression profiles associated with the postnatal late growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle are lacking in sika deer. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the growth and development of sika deer skeletal muscle, we used de novo RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) analyses to determine the differentially expressed (DE) unigenes and miRNAs from skeletal muscle tissues at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years in sika deer. A total of 51,716 unigenes, 171 known miRNAs, and 60 novel miRNAs were identified based on four mRNA and small RNA libraries. A total of 2,044 unigenes and 11 miRNAs were differentially expressed between adolescence and juvenile sika deer, 1,946 unigenes and 4 miRNAs were differentially expressed between adult and adolescent sika deer, and 2,209 unigenes and 1 miRNAs were differentially expressed between aged and adult sika deer. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that DE unigenes and miRNA were mainly related to energy and substance metabolism, processes that are closely associate with the growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle. We also constructed mRNA–mRNA and miRNA–mRNA interaction networks related to the growth, development, and aging of skeletal muscle. The results show that mRNA (Myh1, Myh2, Myh7, ACTN3, etc.) and miRNAs (miR-133a, miR-133c, miR-192, miR-151-3p, etc.) may play important roles in muscle growth and development, and mRNA (WWP1, DEK, UCP3, FUS, etc.) and miRNAs (miR-17-5p, miR-378b, miR-199a-5p, miR-7, etc.) may have key roles in muscle aging. In this study, we determined the dynamic miRNA and unigenes transcriptome in muscle tissue for the first time in sika deer. The age-dependent miRNAs and unigenes identified will offer insights into the molecular mechanism underlying muscle development, growth, and maintenance and will also provide valuable information for sika deer genetic breeding.

Growth and Development of Giant Burreed (Sparganium eurycarpum)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Leif ◽  
Ervin A. Oelke
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Cumulative Length ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Rhizome Bud ◽  
Sparganium Eurycarpum ◽  
Outdoor Experiments

Outdoor experiments were conducted at two locations in Minnesota to characterize the growth, development, and vegetative reproduction potential of giant burreed grown with and without wild rice. Giant burreed growth was influenced by environment more than the presence of wild rice. Shoots emerged from corms 2 to 3 wk after planting (WAP), and continued throughout the growing season. Giant burreed attained a maximum height of 135 cm with an average 36 shoots/plant. Rhizome production started 4 to 6 WAP, and continued throughout the growing season. Corm formation at the base of shoots started 8 WAP and continued throughout the growing season. Rhizomes grew to a maximum cumulative length of 2500 cm/plant spreading in all directions and produced up to 250 buds/plant. Corm and rhizome bud viability was 15 and 10%, respectively. These data suggest that giant burreed grown in wild rice should be controlled by 2 to 3 wk after emergence to prevent vegetative reproduction.

Comparative Analysis of Three Cruciferous Weeds: Growth, Development, and Competitiveness

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Growth Development

Wild, ball, and dog mustard growth and development were investigated by mathematical growth analysis in a greenhouse experiment. Plant height and total plant biomass over the growth period followed the trend wild mustard > ball mustard > dog mustard. Dog mustard plants had lower leaf areas than either wild or ball mustard. In a replacement series experiment, wild mustard was more competitive than either ball or dog mustard, and ball mustard was more competitive than dog mustard.

Growth and Development of Organic Arsenical-Susceptible and -Resistant Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Haigler ◽  
Billy J. Gossett ◽  
James R. Harris ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growth Development

The growth, development, and reproductive potential of several populations of organic arsenical-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) common cocklebur biotypes were compared under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and relative growth rate (RGR) were measured periodically during the growing season. Days to flowering, bur dry weight, and number of burs per plant were also recorded. Arsenical S- and R-biotypes were similar in all measured parameters of growth, development, and reproductive potential. Populations within each biotype varied occasionally in plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and reproductive potential.

Hormones and Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Hoover ◽  
Amanda Black ◽  
Rebecca Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Targeted Agents ◽  
Gynecologic Malignancies ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Endogenous Compounds ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Hormone Antagonists

Hormones are highly biologically active endogenous compounds that control the growth, development, physiology, and homeostasis of numerous organ systems. Because of this, they have long been thought likely to play key roles in both normal and abnormal (malignant) growth. They are also noteworthy for being produced away from the tissues that they control, and are thus secreted into circulating blood to reach their target organs. This combination of potent, targeted agents of growth and development that can be measured in available biologic fluids has made steroidal and peptide hormonesparticularly susceptible and relevant to epidemiologic investigation. In addition, medications containing hormones and hormone antagonists have come into widespread use, providing further opportunities for epidemiologic insights into hormonal carcinogenesis. The development of increasingly more accurate assays to measure sex hormones and their metabolites has resulted in major advances in understanding the hormonal etiology of breast and gynecologic malignancies.

Predation Efficacy of Rove Beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Adults in Response to Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Pupal Stage, Predator–Prey Ratio, and Searchable Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-365
Author(s):  
Yinping Li ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Nora M. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Rove Beetle ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Minimal Information

Abstract The rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), is a soil-dwelling predator that preys upon insect pests residing in growing media. Minimal information exists addressing its predation on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), below-ground life stages. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of western flower thrips pupal stage, predator–prey ratio, and searchable area on predation efficacy of rove beetle adults. In Experiment 1, predation was recorded in response to two thrips pupal stages (prepupae and pupae); three predator–prey ratios (1:5, 1:10, 1:15) and predator–prey ratios that were 2, 3, and 4 times greater. Experiment 2 was designed to assess predation in response to those predator–prey ratios along with searchable areas in 15.2- and 11.5-cm-diameter containers. Response was measured by capturing thrips adults on yellow sticky cards (YSC) as they emerged from pupation. The estimated mean probability of thrips adults captured on the cards was significantly higher for the 1:5 (61.1%) than for the 1:10 (39%) and 1:15 (34.7%) predator–prey ratios. The estimated mean probability of thrips adults captured on the cards for 2 times the predator–prey ratio (57%) was significantly higher than 3 times (37.2%) and 4 times (40.6%) the ratios. A significantly higher estimated mean probability of thrips adults was captured on the cards in the 15.2-cm-diameter containers than in the 11.5-cm-diameter containers. We conclude that a predator–prey ratio of 1:15 would result in fewer rove beetle adults needed to reduce western flower thrips prepupae/pupae stages and subsequent adult populations.

Effects of parasitization by the insect parasite Hyposoter exiguae on the growth, development and physiology of its host Trichoplusia ni

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Esterase ◽  
Insect Parasite ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Growth Development

SummaryThe weight gain and growth rate of Trichoplusia ni larvae were severely depressed following parasitization by the insect parasite, Hyposoter exiguae. The development of the host was also delayed and juvenile hormone esterase activity present at the normal time of moulting was absent in parasitized insects. Similar effects on growth and development were achieved by rearing host insects on nutrient-deficient media. Accompanying the above effects of parasitization were alterations in dry/wet weight ratio and host haemolymph osmolality. Parasitization resulted in immediate increases in the concentrations of haemolymph non-glycogen carbohydrate (composed of trehalose, maltose and glucose) and protein. The concentration of fat body glycogen also increased following parasitization. In contrast, the concentration of haemolymph non-glycogen carbohydrate and protein, as well as fat body glycogen, decreased in nutrient-deprived larvae. The significance of the above results as they relate to the insect parasite–host relationship is discussed.

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