DEVELOPMENT OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA FOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (S171) ◽  
pp. 225-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan T. Jaronski ◽  
Mark S. Goettel
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Field Efficacy

AbstractRecognition of the potential of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin as a control agent of grasshoppers and locusts occurred as early as 1936, in South Africa. Field testing of B. bassiana as an inundative control agent of grasshoppers and locusts has been facilitated by development of a solid substrate method for mass-production of the fungus and has resulted in the registration of a strain against grasshoppers in the United States. In some, but not all field trials, application has resulted in substantial reductions in grasshopper populations. Numerous environmental constraints, including temperature and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, may limit field efficacy of the fungus. Laboratory studies suggest that low humidity does not limit the ability of the fungus to initiate disease. Sunlight is the major cause of mortality of conidia on leaf surfaces. The incorporation of UVB protectants in formulations can increase conidial survival; however, these have not yet been evaluated for their effects on field efficacy of B. bassiana against insects. Thermoregulation by grasshoppers has been implicated in resistance to mycosis. Results of laboratory studies indicate that grasshoppers infected with B. bassiana preferentially seek temperatures between 40 and 42 °C and these temperatures are inhibitory to disease development. In field-cage trials, a higher prevalence and more rapid development of disease were observed in grasshoppers placed in shaded cages than in grasshoppers placed in cages exposed to full sunlight. In laboratory experiments simulating grasshopper thermoregulation during daylight periods, application of both Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and B. bassiana simultaneously resulted in a final prevalence of disease that was greater than M. flavoviride alone in the hot temperature environment, and equal to B. bassiana alone in the cool temperature environment. Incorporation of sublethal levels of Dimilin with conidia of B. bassiana increased efficacy of the fungus against grasshoppers in laboratory and field trials. Once environmental constraints are better quantified, it may be possible to overcome them through improved formulation, strain selection, genetic or phenotypic manipulation, and inoculum targeting. Ultimately, success of B. bassiana as a microbial control agent will depend on our ability to overcome environmental and other constraints and/or to predict its efficacy under various environmental conditions.

Temperature Effects on the Susceptibility of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in Poland, the Czech Republic and the United States2

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis A. W. Martin ◽  
Robert F. W. Schroder ◽  
Tadeusz J. Poprawski ◽  
Jerzy J. Lipa ◽  
Ervin Hausvater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Potato Beetle

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is a fungus with broad spectrum insecticidal activity. As a biological control agent used against Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)), this fungus has performed erratically in various field studies. This inconsistent performance has been attributed to formulation problems, UV sensitivity, and humidity. In a multi-site test, B. bassiana controlled Colorado potato beetle larvae in both Poland and the Czech Republic, but not in Maryland. Control was measured by reduction in populations of beetle larvae. One of the major differences among these sites was temperature. In Poland, the mean temperature ranged from 5°C to 23°C; in the Czech Republic the average temperature ranged from 6.7°C to 18.7°C; and in Maryland, temperatures at time of application exceeded 45°C at canopy level. This led us to examine B. bassiana growth in vitro.While B. bassiana grew in the laboratory from 16 to 30°C, the B. bassiana from a formulated product (Mycotrol™, Mycotech, Butte, MT) did not germinate at temperatures above 37°C. Germination and subsequent development of this entomopathogenic fungi are critical factors in the infection and control of the Colorado potato beetle. As a consequence of the inability to germinate at high temperatures, B. bassiana would not be expected to effectively control pest insects in climates with hot summers. This fungus, however, may be suitable for insect control in early spring or in cool temperature climates during the growing season.

scholarly journals Rapid Deployment of an Algorithm to Triage Dental Emergencies During COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon C Perelman ◽  
Steven Erde ◽  
Lynda Torre ◽  
Tunaidi Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Patient Needs ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Dental Infection ◽  
Screening Algorithm ◽  
Rapid Deployment ◽  
Medical Infrastructure ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract COVID-19 quickly immobilized healthcare systems in the United States during the early stages of the outbreak. While much of the ensuing response focused on supporting the medical infrastructure, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine pursued a solution to triage and safely treat patients with dental emergencies amidst the pandemic. Considering rapidly changing guidelines from governing bodies, dental infection control protocols and our clinical faculty's expertise, we modeled, built, and implemented a screening algorithm, which provides decision support as well as insight into COVID-19 status and clinical comorbidities, within a newly integrated Electronic Health Record (EHR). Once operationalized, we analyzed the data and outcomes of its utilization and found that it had effectively guided providers in triaging patient needs in a standardized methodology. This article describes the algorithm's rapid development to assist faculty providers in identifying patients with the most urgent needs, thus prioritizing treatment of dental emergencies during the pandemic.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Insight of Genetic Factors in ASD: Emerging Trends and New Developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Kang Wang ◽  
Weicheng Duan ◽  
Yijie Duan ◽  
Yuxin Yu ◽  
Xiuyi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Scientific Output ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
De Novo Mutations ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases have increased rapidly in recent decades, which is associated with various genetic abnormalities. To provide a better understanding of the genetic factors in ASD, we assessed the global scientific output of the related studies. A total of 2944 studies published between 1997 and 2018 were included by systematic retrieval from the Web of Science (WoS) database, whose scientific landscapes were drawn and the tendencies and research frontiers were explored through bibliometric methods. The United States has been acting as a leading explorer of the field worldwide in recent years. The rapid development of high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics transferred the research method from the traditional classic method to a big data-based pipeline. As a consequence, the focused research area and tendency were also changed, as the contribution of de novo mutations in ASD has been a research hotspot in the past several years and probably will remain one into the near future, which is consistent with the current opinions of the major etiology of ASD. Therefore, more attention and financial support should be paid to the deciphering of the de novo mutations in ASD. Meanwhile, the effective cooperation of multi-research centers and scientists in different fields should be advocated in the next step of scientific research undertaken.

scholarly journals Exploiting Thrips Aggregation Pheromones to Develop a Lure-and-Kill Strategy for the Management of the Bean Flower Thrips

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
David K. Mfuti ◽  
Amanuel Tamiru ◽  
William D. J. Kirk ◽  
Adeyemi O. Akinyemi ◽  
Heather Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Aggregation Pheromones ◽  
Megalurothrips Sjostedti ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Antifungal Effects ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Management Alternative ◽  
Trap Catches

The potential of semiochemicals to lure insect pests to a trap where they can be killed with biopesticides has been demonstrated as an eco-friendly pest management alternative. In this study, we tested two recently characterized male-produced aggregation pheromones of the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom), namely (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate (major) and (R)-lavandulol (minor), for their field efficacy. Moreover, compatibility of these pheromones and two other thrips attractants, Lurem-TR and neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate, with the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69 has been determined. Our study revealed that the M. sjostedti aggregation pheromones have dose-dependent antifungal effects on the EPF viability, but showed no fungistatic effect at a field-realistic dose for attraction of thrips. (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate had similar antifungal effects as neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate 8 days after exposure; whereas, Lurem-TR had a stronger antifungal effect than other thrips attractants. In the semi-field experiments, all autoinoculation devices maintained at least 86% viability of M. anisopliae conidia after 12 days of exposure. Field trials demonstrated for the first time that (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate increases trap catches. Our findings pave a way for designing a lure-and-kill thrips management strategy to control bean flower thrips using autoinoculation devices or spot spray application.

scholarly journals Learning Curve Analysis of Wind Power and Photovoltaics Technology in US: Cost Reduction and the Importance of Research, Development and Demonstration

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Alun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Learning Curve ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Power Utility ◽  
Total Social Cost

The strategic transition from fossil energy to renewable energy is an irreversible global trend, but the pace of renewable energy deployment and the path of cost reduction are uncertain. In this paper, a two-factor learning-curve model of wind power and photovoltaics (PV) was established based on the latest empirical data from the United States, and the paths of cost reduction and corresponding social impacts were explored through scenario analysis. The results demonstrate that both of the technologies are undergoing a period of rapid development, with the learning-by-searching ratio (LSR) being greatly improved in comparison with the previous literature. Research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) have contributed to investment cost reduction in the past decade, and the cost difference between high and low RD&D spending scenarios is predicted to be 5.5%, 8.9%, and 11.27% for wind power, utility-scale PV, and residential PV, respectively, in 2030. Although higher RD&D requires more capital, it can effectively promote cost reduction, reduce the total social cost of deploying renewable energy, and reduce the abatement carbon price that is needed to promote deployment. RD&D and the institutional support behind it are of great importance in allowing renewables to penetrate the commercial market and contribute to long-term social welfare.

Chondrostereum purpureum as a biological control agent in forest vegetation management. II. Efficacy on Sitka alder and aspen in western Canada

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 852-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Harper ◽  
P G Comeau ◽  
W Hintz ◽  
R E Wall ◽  
R Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Alnus Viridis ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Chondrostereum Purpureum ◽  
Stem Mortality

A national research program was established to test the field efficacy of the native fungal pathogen Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. ex Fr.) Pouzar) for control of hardwood vegetation. During 1995, two fungal isolates were applied as a biocontrol agent to the cut stumps of Populus tremuloides Michx. (trembling aspen) and Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) Á. Löve & D. Löve (Sitka alder). Treatments consisted of two formulations (BC, ON) in combination with two fungal isolates (2139, JAM6), blank formulations, cutting only, triclopyr herbicide application, and an uncut control. Analysis of Sitka alder clump mortality indicated isolates JAM6 and 2139 in combination with the BC formulation caused clump mortality of 90 and 88%, respectively. The blank formulation treatments caused the lowest clump mortality and appeared to promote sprouting and growth of Sitka alder when compared with cutting alone. At the aspen installation, the BC formulation with isolate 2139 was found to be the most effective fungal treatment resulting in 84% aspen stem mortality. The results from both installations suggest that C. purpureum efficacy appears to be dependent on the virulence of the isolate and the formulation.

scholarly journals Behavior of a Wild-Type and Two Mutant Strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene on Northern Jointvetch in the Field

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Luo ◽  
D. O. TeBeest
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Strains

The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene causes an anthracnose on Aeschynomene virginica and has been used as a biological control agent to control this weed in the United States. The population dynamics of a wild-type strain (3-1-3) and two mutant strains of 3-1-3 of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, a benomyl-resistant strain (B21) and nitrate-nonutilizing strain (Nit A), were studied in field tests on northern jointvetch in 1994 and 1995 to determine how the strains interacted on infected plants under field conditions. Plants were co-inoculated with strains 3-1-3 and B21, strains 3-1-3 and Nit A, and strains 3-1-3, B21, and Nit A at equal and unequal initial proportions. Plants were grown and maintained under flooded conditions in small wading pools. In co-inoculation of plants with 3-1-3 and B21 from equal initial proportions, the population of 3-1-3 increased slightly until it reached a proportion of 60 to 70%, whereas the population density of B21 reached 30 to 40% at the end of growing season. From unequal initial proportions, the population density of B21 decreased from 90 to about 50%, whereas the 3-1-3 increased from 10 to 50%. The population density of 3-1-3 increased from an equal initial proportion and was significantly greater than that of Nit A on every sampling time. From unequal initial proportions, the population density of 3-1-3 increased from 10 to 90%, whereas that of Nit A declined. In co-inoculation of plants with the three strains, the population density of 3-1-3 was significantly greater than those of the mutant strains at every sampling time. The proportions of mutant strains within the total population of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene on plants varied according to the test conditions and the number and types of strains co-inoculated.

Comparison of the Effect of Insecticides on Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) and Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) by Standard Mosquito Research Methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany L McGregor ◽  
Bryan V Giordano ◽  
Alfred E Runkel ◽  
Herbert N Nigg ◽  
H Lee Nigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bombus Impatiens ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Native North American ◽  
Significant Mortality

Abstract Mosquito control districts in the United States are limited to two main classes of adulticides, pyrethroids and organophosphates, to control mosquitoes. Two adulticides used to control domestic mosquitoes are Fyfanon EW (malathion, organophosphate) and DeltaGard (deltamethrin, pyrethroid). While the effect of these pesticides on European honeybees (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) has been investigated, effects on native pollinators need additional research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute nontarget effects of these pesticides on Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a native North American bumble bee species, and compare these effects to wild and laboratory strains of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Diptera: Culicidae) through field and laboratory assays. Bombus impatiens was found to be resistant to Fyfanon EW (x̅ = 6.7% mortality at 50-µg malathion per bottle) at levels that caused significant mortality to study mosquitoes (86.2 ≥ x̅ ≥ 100% mortality) in laboratory bottle bioassays. Comparatively, B. impatiens demonstrated greater mortality to DeltaGard (93.3%) at 2.5-µg deltamethrin/bottle than any mosquito colony assayed (14.1 ≥ x̅ ≥ 87.0% mortality). Only DeltaGard was tested in field applications. In the field, we observed acute effects of DeltaGard on mosquitoes and B. impatiens at 25- and 75-m distance from a truck-mounted ultra-low volume fogger, although treatment effects were not significant for B. impatiens. Additional wild-caught nontarget mortality to DeltaGard field trials was also evaluated. This study indicated that common mosquito control adulticides do cause nontarget mortality to B. impatiens but that impacts are variable depending on pesticide and further studies are needed.

Evaluation of pruning wound protection products for the management of almond canker diseases in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Amanda Holland ◽  
Renaud Travadon ◽  
Daniel P. Lawrence ◽  
Mohamed Taieb Nouri ◽  
Florent P Trouillas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Almond trunk and branch canker diseases constitute a major cause of tree mortality in California. Numerous fungal pathogens have been associated with these canker diseases and pruning wounds act as major infection courts. Prior to this study, there were no products registered in California for the management of these diseases. In this study, fungicidal products including synthetic chemistries, biocontrols, paint and a sealant were evaluated for preventing fungal pathogen infection via pruning wounds. In four field trials conducted over two dormant seasons, sixteen pruning wound treatments were tested using hand-held spray applications, against five almond canker pathogens, namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum parvum, Cytospora sorbicola, Ceratocystis destructans, and Eutypa lata. The fungicide thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) provided 82% overall disease prevention against four fungal pathogens. The biological control agent, Trichoderma atroviride SC1 (Vintec), tested at three application rates, resulted in 90 to 93% protection of pruning wounds in field trials, and for individual pathogens ranged from 81-100% protection for the three rates. At the time of this publication, Vintec is being considered for registration as a biological control product for the prevention of almond canker diseases, while Topsin M is recommended to growers for the prevention of almond canker diseases. This research indicates that effective protection of pruning wounds from infection by almond canker pathogens can be achieved with a one-time spray application of thiophanate-methyl or the biocontrol, T. atroviride SC1 (recommended 2 g/liter) after pruning.

The potential biocontrol agent Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 produces fusaricidin-type compounds involved in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuen-Huang Tsai ◽  
Yu-Ting Chen ◽  
Yu-Liang Yang ◽  
Bo-Yi Lee ◽  
Chien-Jui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
New Variant

Paenibacillus polymyxa is a beneficial bacterium for plant health. Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 exhibits antagonistic activity toward Botrytis cinerea and alleviates gray mold symptoms on the leaves of strawberry plants. Moreover, suppression of gray mold on the flowers and fruits of strawberry plants in field trials, including vegetative cells and endospores, was demonstrated, indicating the potential of strain TP3 as a biological control agent. To examine the anti-B. cinerea compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3, matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was performed and fusaricidin-corresponding mass spectra were detected. Moreover, fusaricidin-related signals appeared in imaging mass spectrometry of TP3 when confronted with B. cinerea. By using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based molecular networking approach, several fusaricidins were identified including a new variant of m/z 917.5455 with serine in the first position of the hexapeptide. Via advanced mass spectrometry and network analysis, fusaricidin-type compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3 were efficiently disclosed and were presumed to play roles in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen B. cinerea.

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