Restoring Technical Potential of Deep-Water Well Impaired by Hydrate Plug Embedded with Wax Deposit with Improved Characterization and Innovative Chemistry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwarudin Saidu Mohamed ◽  
Syafiq Effendi Jalis ◽  
Intiran Raman ◽  
Kumanan Sanmugam ◽  
Dhanaraj Turunawarasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Capillary Tubing ◽  
Effective Manner

Abstract Hydrate occurrence is synonymous in deep water wells, notably when the well experience significant reduction in fluid temperature during production. Hence, the operating philosophy must take into consideration the ability to maintain the well-fluid outside the hydrate or wax phase envelope and ensure the contingencies are in place to mitigate any plug, deposit or gel formation. This paper illustrates the characterization of hydrate and wax plug encountered and devise of innovative solution to remediate the blockage in two wells in Sabah waters which were plugged due to cooling of the wells during an unplanned shut down. The solution devised is to set precedence to manage temperature dependent blockages in similar Deepwater wells or facilities. Hydrate and wax models were created to predict blockage severity and its location. Nodal analysis was used to model thermodynamic equilibrium at target location of the plug where the temperature is below the melting point and ultimately to predict the required heat to dissolve the blockages. A Thermo-chemical system was identified, selected, and customized and then injected into well to ensure the temperature generated at the location of the plug was above the melting point of hydrate and wax. Thermo-chemical injection was identified as a viable method of In-situ Heat Generating Technique to generate heat at desired location. The chemical solution was injected via capillary tubing to transmit the heat via conduction and convection to melt the hydrate and paraffinic plug in these 2 wells. An arriving temperature of 40°C at the target zones was required to melt the plug. A positive pressure was maintained in the production tubing during chemical injection to avoid rapid pressure increase as the hydrate plugs dissolved. A temperature of 100 °C was recorded at the wellhead throughout the injection. The downhole gauge indicated positive response, suggesting the heat generated transmitted effectively. After a short duration of injection, communication was established. Hydrate inhibitor was injected to secure the well prior to unloading. The wells were successfully relieved and stabilized production of 1,200 bopd and 800 bopd respectively. The simulation was redesigned based on data collected from the operation to improve the model and to be used for future works. The ability to integrate laboratory analysis, computer aided simulation and operational data was integral to this paper demonstrating an effective way to characterize temperature dependent blockages in production system. Design of experiments provided better insight to address the problem. Innovative use of novel chemistry to produce heat, in-situ heat solved hydrate and wax related issues in a most cost-effective manner. The process of customizing a chemical system based on laboratory and simulation results was effective in ensuring delivery of the results. The bull-heading operation to inject the chemical system proved to be a cost-effective remedial method to unlock the barrels and can be considered preventive or as a contingency measure in dealing with temperature dependent blockages or plugs in future.

Produced Water Handling Using Downhole Oil Water Separation Study Case Onshore & Offshore Fields Abu Dhabi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhak Ladmia ◽  
Dr. Younes bin Darak Al Blooshi ◽  
Abdullah Alobedli ◽  
Dragoljub Zivanov ◽  
Myrat Kuliyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Oil Water Separation ◽  
Oil Water

Abstract The expected profiles of the water produced from the mature ADNOC fields in the coming years imply an important increase and the OPEX of the produced and injected water will increase considerably. This requires in-situ water separation and reinjection. The objective of in-situ fluid separation is to reduce the cost of handling produced water and to extend the well natural flow performance resulting in increased and accelerated production. The current practice of handling produced water is inexpensive in the short term, but it can affect the operating cost and the recovery in the long term as the expected water cut for the next 10-15 years is forecasted to incease significantly. A new water management tool called downhole separation technology was developed. It separates oil and & gas from associated water inside the wellbore to be reinjected back into the disposal wells. The Downhole Oil Water Separation (DHOWS) Technology is one of the key development strategies that can reduce considerable amounts of produced water, improve hydrocarbon recovery, and minimize field development cost by eliminating surface water treatment and handling costs. The main benefits of DHOWS include acceleration of oil offtake, reduction of production cost, lessening produced water volumes, and improved utilization of surface facilities. In effect, DHOWS technologies require specific design criteria to meet the objectives of the well. Therefore, multi--discipline input data are needed to install an effective DHOWS with a robust design that economically outperforms and boosts oil and/or gas productions. This paper describes the fundamental criteria and workflow for selecting the most suitable DHOWS design for new and sidetracked wells to deliver ADNOC production mandates in a cost-effective manner while meeting completion requirements and adhering to reservoir management guidelines.

Use of Foamed Tar for Construction of Flexible Pavement with Existing Unpaved Road Structure

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
Bruce S. Morton ◽  
Alex T. Visser ◽  
Emile Horak
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Low Volume

Low-volume and unpaved roads constitute the majority of the road network throughout the developing and developed world. Upgrading these unpaved roads to conform to standards of low-volume flexible asphalt pavements is a costly exercise. In most instances, this involves constructing an entirely new pavement base. Recent technological advances in the field of deep in situ recycling have provided pavement engineers with an alternative to standard rehabilitation and reconstruction methods of flexible pavements. One such technique of stabilization is foamed tar treatment of inferior natural pavement materials through the application of deep in situ recycling to produce a stabilized base for lowvolume flexible pavements. Foamed tar technology and the concept of deep in situ recycling, and its advantages over current reconstruction methods, were reviewed. Health aspects relating to implementation of the stabilization process were addressed with respect to the use of gasifier tar in a controlled recycling environment. The engineering properties of foamed tar mixes were compared with existing stabilization techniques. A test section was constructed with particular attention to the flexibility of foamed tar for placement time, workability, and durability to environmental conditions. Performance testing results were analyzed. In conclusion, the benefits of foamed tar stabilization for developing an improved road network in a cost-effective manner were evaluated.

Steel Lazy Wave Riser Configuration for Turret Moored FPSO With Disconnectable Turret in Deepwater

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Karunakaran ◽  
Sankar Subramanian ◽  
Rolf Baarholm
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Water Developments ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Steel Catenary Risers

Recently turret-Moored FPSOs have been used in many deep water developments worldwide, with consideration of disconnectable turrets for harsh environment applications. This trend makes the interactions between FPSO and risers system more important. Further, Steel Lazy Wave Risers (SLWR), which is a compliant variant of the mostly commonly used Steel Catenary Risers (SCR), is becoming an attractive riser option. The paper provides a review of the various riser systems that can be considered for turret-moored FPSOs, and specific emphasis on Steel Lazy Wave Risers. A detailed case study of Steel Lazy Wave Risers for a typical turret moored FPSO with disconnectable turret is presented. This system is described in terms of design and functionalities, the fabrication and installation methods are presented. The case study shows clearly that SLWR are an attractive alternative to be used for FPSO with disconnectable turret and is very efficient to fabricate and install in a very cost effective manner. Pros and Cons for SLWR are discussed, with consideration of the particular challenges of turret-moored FPSOs with large floater motions, hang-off geometry constraints at turret, hang-off loads, riser interferences, risers pre-installation, and turret disconnection constraints.

scholarly journals The Simulation of In-Situ Groundwater Detector Response as a Means of Identifying Beta Emitting Radionuclides by Linear Regression Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5732
Author(s):  
Graeme Turkington ◽  
Kelum A. A. Gamage ◽  
James Graham
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Beta Spectrum ◽  
Effective Manner

The in-situ characterisation of strontium-90 contamination of groundwater at nuclear decommissioning sites would represent a novel and cost-saving technology for the nuclear industry. However, beta particles are emitted over a continuous spectrum and it is difficult identify radionuclides due to the overlap of their spectra and the lack of characteristic features. This can be resolved by using predictive modelling to perform a maximum-likelihood estimation of the radionuclides present in a beta spectrum obtained with a semiconductor detector. This is achieved using a linear least squares linear regression and relating experimental data with simulated detector response data. In this case, by simulating a groundwater borehole scenario and the deployment of a cadmium telluride detector within it, it is demonstrated that it is possible to identify the presence of 90Sr, 90Y, 137Cs and 235U decay. It is determined that the optimal thickness of the CdTe detector for this technique is in the range of 0.1 to 1 mm. The influence of suspended solids in the groundwater is also investigated. The average and maximum concentrations of suspended particles found at Sellafield do not significantly deteriorate the results. It is found that applying the linear regression over two energy windows improves the estimate of 90Sr activity in a mixed groundwater source. These results provide validation for the ability of in-situ detectors to determine the activity of 90Sr in groundwater in a timely and cost-effective manner.

The Role of “Allowable Flux Density” in the Design and Operation of Molten-Salt Solar Central Receivers

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorin L. Vant-Hull
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
The North ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
Commercial Applications

Abstract In the 1980’s, the Utility Study [Hilesland and Harder, 1988] identified the external cylindrical molten-salt-in-tube receiver with a surround heliostat field as the most cost effective and practical design for commercial applications. Such designs typically require 50–1000 MW of design-point thermal power at outlet temperatures around 1050 °F (565 °C). Using computer codes such as RCELL [Lipps and Vant-Hull, 1981] or DELSOL [Kistler, 1987] it is straightforward to design an optical system to meet these requirements, defining the smallest receiver (lower cost and thermal losses) and the most cost effective heliostat field. As the performance of heliostats in the anti-sun locations is better, such fields tend to be biased (in the northern hemisphere) to the north side of the receiver, and produce very high flux densities there; typically 2–5 MW/m2. However, the receiver is typicaly limited to a salt velocity and temperature dependent allowable flux density (AFD) of about 1 MW/m2. Design methods to reduce this peak flux to a nominally acceptable value in a cost effective manner are presented. Residual excess flux events under non-nominal conditions are handled by a real-time processor which selects specific heliostats for removal from track. This same processor is used to preheat the receiver, using a special algorithm to define the required flux density.

Strategic planning in grassland farming: Principles andapplications

1997 ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
W.J. Parker ◽  
N.M. Shadbolt ◽  
D.I. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Pastoral Farming ◽  
Financial Environment

Three levels of planning can be distinguished in grassland farming: strategic, tactical and operational. The purpose of strategic planning is to achieve a sustainable long-term fit of the farm business with its physical, social and financial environment. In pastoral farming, this essentially means developing plans that maximise and best match pasture growth with animal demand, while generating sufficient income to maintain or enhance farm resources and improvements, and attain personal and financial goals. Strategic plans relate to the whole farm business and are focused on the means to achieve future needs. They should be routinely (at least annually) reviewed and monitored for effectiveness through key performance indicators (e.g., Economic Farm Surplus) that enable progress toward goals to be measured in a timely and cost-effective manner. Failure to link strategy with control is likely to result in unfulfilled plans. Keywords: management, performance

scholarly journals Novel Regeneration Approach for Creating Reusable FO-SPR Probes with NTA Surface Chemistry

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Jia-Huan Qu ◽  
Karen Leirs ◽  
Remei Escudero ◽  
Žiga Strmšek ◽  
Roman Jerala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Antibody Fragments ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Surface Regeneration ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

To date, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have been exploited in numerous different contexts while continuously pushing boundaries in terms of improved sensitivity, specificity, portability and reusability. The latter has attracted attention as a viable alternative to disposable biosensors, also offering prospects for rapid screening of biomolecules or biomolecular interactions. In this context here, we developed an approach to successfully regenerate a fiber-optic (FO)-SPR surface when utilizing cobalt (II)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) surface chemistry. To achieve this, we tested multiple regeneration conditions that can disrupt the NTA chelate on a surface fully saturated with His6-tagged antibody fragments (scFv-33H1F7) over ten regeneration cycles. The best surface regeneration was obtained when combining 100 mM EDTA, 500 mM imidazole and 0.5% SDS at pH 8.0 for 1 min with shaking at 150 rpm followed by washing with 0.5 M NaOH for 3 min. The true versatility of the established approach was proven by regenerating the NTA surface for ten cycles with three other model system bioreceptors, different in their size and structure: His6-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike fragment (receptor binding domain, RBD), a red fluorescent protein (RFP) and protein origami carrying 4 RFPs (Tet12SN-RRRR). Enabling the removal of His6-tagged bioreceptors from NTA surfaces in a fast and cost-effective manner can have broad applications, spanning from the development of biosensors and various biopharmaceutical analyses to the synthesis of novel biomaterials.

scholarly journals Fabrication of a liquid cell for in situ transmission electron microscopy

Microscopy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Li ◽  
Kazutaka Mitsuishi ◽  
Masaki Takeguchi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
In Situ Electron Microscopy ◽  
Liquid Cell ◽  
Si Wafer

Abstract Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) enables imaging of dynamic processes in liquid with high spatial and temporal resolution. The widely used liquid cell (LC) consists of two stacking microchips with a thin wet sample sandwiched between them. The vertically overlapped electron-transparent membrane windows on the microchips provide passage for the electron beam. However, microchips with imprecise dimensions usually cause poor alignment of the windows and difficulty in acquiring high-quality images. In this study, we developed a new and efficient microchip fabrication process for LCTEM with a large viewing area (180 µm × 40 µm) and evaluated the resultant LC. The new positioning reference marks on the surface of the Si wafer dramatically improve the precision of dicing the wafer, making it possible to accurately align the windows on two stacking microchips. The precise alignment led to a liquid thickness of 125.6 nm close to the edge of the viewing area. The performance of our LC was demonstrated by in situ transmission electron microscopy imaging of the dynamic motions of 2-nm Pt particles. This versatile and cost-effective microchip production method can be used to fabricate other types of microchips for in situ electron microscopy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document