UH-60A Airloads Workshop—Setting the Stage for the Rotorcraft CFD/CSD Revolution, Part I: Background and Initial Success

Two Phases ◽

The UH-60A Airloads Workshop was a unique collaboration of aeromechanics experts from the U.S. Government, industry, and academia to address technical issues that hindered accurate rotor loads predictions. The Airloads Workshop leveraged the NASA/Army UH-60A Airloads flight test and NFAC wind tunnel test data. It functioned continuously for 17 years, from 2001 to 2018, and brought about one of the most important advancements in rotorcraft aeromechanics prediction capabilities by successfully demonstrating high-fidelity coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational structural dynamics (CSD) analyses for both steady and maneuvering flight. The article is divided into two parts. Part I surveys the background of rotorcraft CFD/CSD development difficulties, the origins of the Airloads Workshop, and the rapid success achieved during the first phase that consisted of eight Workshops. Part II describes ongoing development during the subsequent two phases of the Airloads Workshop, the Ninth through the 13th, and the 14th through the 31st Workshops; the impact of the Airloads Workshop; and the lessons learned. Part I surveys the technical activities that led to a breakthrough for CFD/CSD coupling to successfully predict rotor blade airloads in trimmed steady-level flight conditions. This success illustrated the importance of collaboration among key experts with diverse backgrounds focused on a common objective to advance rotorcraft prediction methods.

Computational Fluid Dynamics–Computational Structural Dynamics Rotor Coupling Using an Unstructured Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Methodology

Journal of the American Helicopter Society ◽

10.4050/jahs.57.012001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jennifer N. Abras ◽

C. Eric Lynch ◽

Marilyn J. Smith

Keyword(s):

Fluid Dynamics ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽

Structural Dynamics ◽

Flight Test ◽

Navier Stokes ◽

Structured Grid ◽

Direct Contrast ◽

Computational Structural Dynamics ◽

Grid Points

The focus of this paper is to discuss the unique challenges introduced through the use of unstructured grids in rotorcraft computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–computational structural dynamics (CSD) coupling. The use of unstructured grid methodology in CFD has been expanding because of the advantages in grid generation and modeling of complex configurations. However, the resulting amorphous distribution of the grid points on the rotor blade surface provides no information with regard to the orientation of the blade, in direct contrast to structured grid methodology that can take advantage of the ordered mapping of points to identify the orientation as well as simplifying airloads integration. A methodology has been developed and is described here, which now permits unstructured methods to be utilized for elastic rotary-wing simulations. This methodology is evaluated through comparison of the UH60A rotor with available flight test data for forward flight.

Parametric Design of Static Tube for Long-Distance Outboard Precision Atmospheric Static Pressure Measurement

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.404 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 904 ◽

pp. 404-407

Author(s):

Du Xi Liu ◽

Sen Zhang ◽

Yun Long Zhu ◽

Qiu Xia Qin

Keyword(s):

Pressure Measurement ◽

Parametric Design ◽

Pressure Coefficient ◽

Flight Test ◽

Calibration Method ◽

Sensing Element ◽

Long Distance ◽

Test Environment ◽

Trailing cone method is generally used for atmospheric pressure measurement among airspeed calibration, of which the accuracy is not high enough and the hysteresis error exists. So a long-distance outboard precision airspeed calibration method is put forward. This paper focuses on the study on parametric design of static tube which is the sensing element of the newmethod. The flow field of the static tube is simulated and analyzed to get position error curve in flight test environment by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology. Based on the simulation result and considering the impact of front and rear connectors, the main geometric paramters of static tube is determined and optimized. The calculation result indicates that, pressure coefficient Cp of the static tube is less than 0.0198.

Development of the Cranfield University Bulldog flight test facility

The Aeronautical Journal ◽

10.1017/aer.2017.7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 121 (1238) ◽

pp. 533-552 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.J. Lawson ◽

R. Correia ◽

S.W. James ◽

J.E. Gautrey ◽

G. Invers Rubio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flight Test ◽

Development Programme ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Strain Sensors ◽

Test Facility ◽

Test Design ◽

Fibre Optic ◽

Test Bed ◽

Optic Sensor ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd

ABSTRACTCranfield University's National Flying Laboratory Centre (NFLC) has developed a Bulldog light aircraft into a flight test facility. The facility is being used to research advanced in-flight instrumentation including fibre optic pressure and strain sensors. During the development of the test bed, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to assist the flight test design process, including the sensor requirements. This paper describes the development of the Bulldog flight test facility, including an overview of the design and certification process, the in-flight data taken using the installed fibre optic sensor systems and lessons learned from the development programme, including potential further applications of the sensors.

Volume 3: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Combustion and Fuels; Oil and Gas Applications; Cycle Innovations ◽

Impact of Higher Freeze Point Fuels on Naval Aircraft Operations

10.1115/86-gt-262 ◽

1986 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. A. Kamin ◽

P. M. McConnell

Keyword(s):

Test Data ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Wind Tunnel Test ◽

Flight Test ◽

Computer Code ◽

Scale Test ◽

Process Studies ◽

Freeze Point ◽

Tank Geometry ◽

Refinery process studies have indicated that the relaxation of the JP-5 freeze point specification is a viable means of increasing jet fuel availability. The Naval Air Propulsion Center is investigating the impact of higher freeze point fuels on naval aircraft operations. Six fuels, with freeze points ranging from −55°F to +10°F, were tested in two instrumented external fuel tanks. Thirty hours of flight test and one hundred hours of wind tunnel test data have been accumulated. This information is being used in conjunction with laboratory and bench scale test data to support the development of a three dimensional computer code. This code will predict fuel cool down and hold-up (unpumpable frozen fuel) for any fuel tank geometry during a mission. Initial results indicate that the current JP-5 freeze point specification of −51°F is conservative and could be safely relaxed.

Assessment of wind heeling lever determined through CFD against the current naval stability standards

10.24868/issn.2631-8741.2018.019 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

J N Alderton

Keyword(s):

Wind Tunnel Test ◽

Cfd Analysis ◽

Test Results ◽

Fit For Purpose ◽

Numerical Tools ◽

Potential Impact ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

Heeling Moment

Naval stability standards consider the impact of a number of different external factors, one of which is the effect of heeling caused by wind. With relatively large superstructures the wind heeling moment can be relatively significant but despite its potential impact, at present the calculation to determine the wind heeling moment is relatively simplistic. With increasing fidelity within computational tools, in particular Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), it questions whether the current standards are still considered fit for purpose or whether a more time consuming but comprehensive analysis should be used. This paper discusses work conducted by QinetiQ on behalf of the UK MoD, to explore this area. The work firstly benchmarks wind heeling moment derived by different CFD methods against existing model wind tunnel test results for a heeled patrol boat. The benchmarking compares the level of accuracy of the numerical tools and explores the impact of changing different parameters within the analysis. Following the benchmarking at model scale, CFD is used to calculate the wind heeling force on two ships at full scale. The two selected ships represent very different types of hullform and ship particulars. The results from the CFD analysis are then compared to the results determined using current naval standard wind heeling criteria. This paper discusses the different CFD methodology applied, the results from the benchmarking, the comparison between the CFD results and those determined by applying the current naval standard criteria and the implications on the applicability of a CFD analysis rather than the current criteria.

Characteristics of Physician Relocation Following Hurricane Katrina

Journal of Medical Regulation ◽

10.30770/2572-1852-95.1.6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 6-12

Author(s):

Kusuma Madamala ◽

Claudia R. Campbell ◽

Edbert B. Hsu ◽

Yu-Hsiang Hsieh ◽

James James

Keyword(s):

Hurricane Katrina ◽

Gulf Coast ◽

General Medicine ◽

The United States ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Exact Test ◽

Factors Associated ◽

ABSTRACT Introduction: On Aug. 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall along the Gulf Coast of the United States, resulting in the evacuation of more than 1.5 million people, including nearly 6000 physicians. This article examines the relocation patterns of physicians following the storm, determines the impact that the disaster had on their lives and practices, and identifies lessons learned. Methods: An Internet-based survey was conducted among licensed physicians reporting addresses within Federal Emergency Management Agency-designated disaster zones in Louisiana and Mississippi. Descriptive data analysis was used to describe respondent characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with physician nonreturn to original practice. For those remaining relocated out of state, bivariate analysis with x2 or Fisher exact test was used to determine factors associated with plans to return to original practice. Results: A total of 312 eligible responses were collected. Among disaster zone respondents, 85.6 percent lived in Louisiana and 14.4 percent resided in Mississippi before the hurricane struck. By spring 2006, 75.6 percent (n = 236) of the respondents had returned to their original homes, whereas 24.4 percent (n = 76) remained displaced. Factors associated with nonreturn to original employment included family or general medicine practice (OR 0.42, 95 percent CI 0.17–1.04; P = .059) and severe or complete damage to the workplace (OR 0.24, 95 percent CI 0.13–0.42; P < .001). Conclusions: A sizeable proportion of physicians remain displaced after Hurricane Katrina, along with a lasting decrease in the number of physicians serving in the areas affected by the disaster. Programs designed to address identified physician needs in the aftermath of the storm may give confidence to displaced physicians to return.

Awareness-Raising in the TEFL Phonology Classroom

ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics ◽

10.2143/itl.145.0.562915 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 145-146 ◽

pp. 219-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lawrence Zhang

Keyword(s):

Native Speaker ◽

Psychological Needs ◽

British English ◽

Linguistic Imperialism ◽

Teacher Student ◽

Suprasegmental Features ◽

Discourse Intonation ◽

Awareness Raising ◽

Two Phases ◽

This paper reports on two phases of a study of a group of advanced TEFL (teachers-of-English-as-a-foreign-language) students. To raise their awareness of the importance of discourse intonation while they were receiving teacher training, this study focuses on examining their sociocultural and psychological inclinations in the choice of phonological models. The first phase is an exploration of their attitudes toward, a native-speaker variety (British English) and a nonnative (Chinese EFL-speaker) variety of English pronunciation and intonation. The second reports on a didactic intervention study of the impact of activities that engaged the students in the awareness-raising of the importance of suprasegmental features, especially discourse intonation, on self-perceptions of their efficacy and confidence in communication. The results showed a systematic pattern of participant endorsement for a native-speaker model and a clear improvement in theIr perceptions of the importance of suprasegmental features of standard English because of teacher-student co-construction of meaning through interactive awareness-raising activities. The findings are discussed with reference to the students' sociocultural and psychological needs in TEFL training, particularly with reference to recent academic discourse on the issue of “linguistic imperialism” (Canagarajah, 1999; Phillipson, 1992, 1996) and ElL in pedagogy (Jenkins, 1998, 2002) and their wider implications in typical EFL contexts.

Optimizing electronic capture of patient-reported outcome measures in oncology clinical trials: lessons learned from a qualitative study

Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research ◽

10.2217/cer-2020-0143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (17) ◽

pp. 1195-1204

Author(s):

Florence D Mowlem ◽

Brad Sanderson ◽

Jill V Platko ◽

Bill Byrom

Keyword(s):

Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽

Patient Reported Outcome ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Oncology Clinical Trials ◽

Anticancer Treatment ◽

Fit For Purpose ◽

The Impact ◽

Electronic Implementation

Aim: To understand the impact of anticancer treatment on oncology patients’ ability to use electronic solutions for completing patient-reported outcomes (ePRO). Materials & methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven individuals who had experienced a cancer diagnosis and treatment. Results: Participants reported that the following would impact the ability to interact with an ePRO solution: peripheral neuropathy of the hands (4/7), fatigue and/or concentration and memory issues (6/7), where they are in a treatment cycle (5/7). Approaches to improve usability included: larger, well-spaced buttons to deal with finger numbness, the ability to pause a survey and complete at a later point and presenting the recall period with every question to reduce reliance on memory. Conclusion: Symptoms associated with cancers and anticancer treatments can impact the use of technologies. The recommendations for optimizing the electronic implementation of patient-reported outcome instruments in this population provides the potential to improve data quality in oncology trials and places patient needs at the forefront to ensure ‘fit-for-purpose’ solutions.

The Impact of COVID-19 Related Lockdown on the Prevalence of Spousal Violence Against Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260521997929 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052199792

Author(s):

Kazhan I. Mahmood ◽

Sherzad A. Shabu ◽

Karwan M. M-Amen ◽

Salar S. Hussain ◽

Diana A. Kako ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Violence Against Women ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Spousal Violence ◽

Kurdistan Region ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Gender Based ◽

There is increasing concern about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown’s social and economic consequences on gender-based violence. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence by comparing the prevalence of spousal violence against women before and during the COVID-19 related lockdown periods. This study was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq using a self-administered online questionnaire survey after the COVID-19 lockdown period in June 2020. Data were collected from a sample of 346 married women about the occurrence, frequency, and forms of spousal violence before and during the lockdown period. Significant increases in violence were observed from the pre-lockdown period to the lockdown period for any violence (32.1% to 38.7%, p = .001), emotional abuse (29.5% to 35.0%, p = .005), and physical violence (12.7% to 17.6%, p = .002). Regarding emotional abuse, humiliation (24.6% to 28.3%, p = .041) and scaring or intimidation (14.2% to 21.4%, p < .001) significantly increased during the lockdown. For physical violence, twisting the arm or pulling hair (9.0% to 13.0%, p = .004) and hitting (5.2% to 9.2%, p = .003) significantly increased during the lockdown. Forcing to have sexual intercourse also significantly increased during lockdown (6.6% to 9.5%., p = .021). The concerned authorities and women’s rights organizations should collaborate to enhance the prevention of violence against women. An effective prevention strategy should emphasize recognizing and acknowledging the extent of the problem, raising awareness about the problem and the available resources to address it, and ensuring social and economic stability. Lessons learned about the increased prevalence of spousal violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to adopt appropriate strategies to prevent and address it will be valuable for similar future crises.

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care ◽

Evaluating and Motivating Activation in Long Term Care: Lessons From a Pilot Study

10.1177/2327857921101016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 42-46

Author(s):

J. Jbilou ◽

A. El Bouazaoui ◽

B. Zhang ◽

J.L. Henry ◽

L McDonald ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Long Term Care ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Care Home ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Term Care ◽

Care Facilities ◽

Technological Intervention ◽

The Impact ◽

Research Recommendations

Older adults living in long-term care facilities typically receive insufficient exercise and have long periods of the day when they are not doing anything other than sitting or lying down, watching television, or ruminating (Wilkinson et al., 2017). We developed an intervention called the Experiential Centivizer, which provides residents with opportunities to use a driving simulator, watch world travel videos, and engage in exercise. We assessed the impact of the intervention on residents of a long-term care home in Fredericton, NB, Canada. In this paper, we report on the results observed and highlight the lessons learned from implementing a technological intervention within a long-term care setting. Practical and research recommendations are also discussed to facilitate future intervention implementation in long-term care.