Convergence in male and female life expectancy: Direction, age pattern, and causes

Health conditions change from year to year, with a general tendency in many countries for improvement. These conditions also change from one birth cohort to another: some generations suffer more adverse events in childhood, smoke more heavily, eat poorer diets, etc., than generations born earlier or later. Because it is difficult to disentangle period effects from cohort effects, demographers, epidemiologists, actuaries, and other population scientists often disagree about cohort effects’ relative importance. In particular, some advocate forecasts of life expectancy based on period trends; others favor forecasts that hinge on cohort differences. We use a combination of age decomposition and exchange of survival probabilities between countries to study the remarkable recent history of female life expectancy in Denmark, a saga of rising, stagnating, and now again rising lifespans. The gap between female life expectancy in Denmark vs. Sweden grew to 3.5 y in the period 1975–2000. When we assumed that Danish women born 1915–1945 had the same survival probabilities as Swedish women, the gap remained small and roughly constant. Hence, the lower Danish life expectancy is caused by these cohorts and is not attributable to period effects.

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Mortality and Facial Dyskinesia

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.148.3.310 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 148 (3) ◽

pp. 310-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

H. A. McClelland ◽

D. Dutta ◽

A. Metcalfe ◽

T. A. Kerr

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Survival Time ◽

Patient Population ◽

Strong Association ◽

Pathological Process ◽

Functional Disorders ◽

Clinical Factors ◽

Male And Female ◽

Organic Brain ◽

Facial Dyskinesia

In 1965 a psychiatric in-patient population was surveyed for the prevalence of facial dyskinesia. The present investigation reports on their survival time. Among male and female patients with functional disorders (mostly schizophrenia) there was a strong association between moderate or severe facial dyskinesia and shortened survival, but no clinical factors were found to explain this. Mild facial dyskinesia in functional disorders was not associated with reduced life expectancy and may be attributable to the general effects of ageing rather than to a specific pathological process. Among patients with primary organic brain syndromes, dyskinesia was not associated with reduced life expectancy.

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Female life expectancy, gender stratification, health status, and level of economic development: A cross-national study of less developed countries

Social Science & Medicine ◽

10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00346-2 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 305-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

John B. Williamson ◽

Ulrike Boehmer

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Health Status ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Developed Countries ◽

National Study ◽

Gender Stratification ◽

Female Life Expectancy ◽

Level Of Economic Development ◽

Cross National Study ◽

Cross National

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Clinical Figure and Rate of Mortality Among Chronic Schizophrenics: A Local Assessment

Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports ◽

10.31579/2690-8794/013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (02) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Saeed Shafti

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Death Rate ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Crude Death Rate ◽

Aged Patients ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Patients ◽

Schizophrenic Patients

Introduction: Researchers have consistently reported that people with mental disorders have elevated mortality compared with the general population. In Iran there are not systematic psychiatric case registers that could allow us to study precisely the mortality of psychiatric patients. The aim of the current study was to determine the mortality rate and clinical profile of death in a group of non-western chronic elderly schizophrenic patients. Methods: chronic geriatric subdivision of Razi Psychiatric hospital with a capacity around 220 beds (110 for each of male and female elderly patients) had been selected as the specific arena of investigation. For the present retrospective survey, all recorded deceases during the last sixty months (April of 2014-August 2019) in the said senior wards had been included in the current study. Clinical diagnosis, too, was essentially based on ‘Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’, 5th edition (DSM-5). Results: Among eight-hundreds and frothy chronic elderly schizophrenic patients, sixty-nine deceases had been registered by the mortality committee of the hospital. As said by results, the annual rate of mortality among elderly schizophrenic patients in the present assessment was around 0.015 (0.15 per 1,000 individuals per year) and 0.017 (0.17 per 1,000 individuals per year) among male and female aged patients, respectively, which were significantly lower than current native crude death rate (p<0.000). While the age of the expired female patients was significantly more than the died male schizophrenics (p < 0.001), the life expectancy of both male and female expired patients was significantly shorter than the public’s life expectancy (p< 0.000). Besides, in the present evaluation, while cardiac illness was the main leading cause of death among old schizophrenics, reasons like suicide, falls, drug use or tuberculosis, were not applicable at all. Conclusion: While the rate of mortality among elderly schizophrenics was significantly lower than public’s crude death rate, age of the deceased female patients was significantly longer than the male expired patients and life expectancy of both male and female died patients was significantly lower than native public’s life expectancy. Cardiac disorder, as well, was the main leading cause of death among aged schizophrenic patients.

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A STUDY ON LONGEVITY FACTOR: THE CASE OF GOVERNMENT PENSIONER IN MALAYSIA

International Journal of Business and Society ◽

10.33736/ijbs.561.2015 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rose Irnawaty Ibrahim ◽

Zailan Siri

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Retirement Age ◽

Male And Female ◽

Pension Costs ◽

The Government ◽

Pension Liabilities ◽

Over Time

There are many researches showing that the life expectancy for most countries is increasing. Since the life expectancy at a particular age tends to increase over time for male and female, the mortality risk tends to be smaller over time. Therefore it is expected that pensioners tend to live longer and thereby cause increase in pension liabilities to the government. Countries are looking for solutions to decrease the effect of increased longevity on pension costs. The most common changes are to equalize the retirement age for male and female and to rise the retirement age. Therefore, we studied the longevity factor for the government pensioner in Malaysia at age 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60 years respectively. Since the pensions are paid for the rest of the pensioner’s life in the event of his death and also to his spouse and child if any in the form of a derivative pension, the longevity factor for pensioner, spouse and child will be formulated and estimated separately. To formulate and estimate these factors, the theory of annuities and the Pension Law of Malaysia need to be studied.Keywords: Life Expectancy; Mortality Risk; Pension Liabilities; Longevity Factor; Derivative Pension; Annuities.

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Gender gap in life expectancy in India and role of age groups: A comparison between before and after male – female life expectancy at birth crossover

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0260657 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0260657

Author(s):

Girimallika Borah

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Age Groups ◽

Absolute Number ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Female Life Expectancy ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Before And After

To assess the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in India and its major states as well as the timing of male-female life expectancy at birth crossover. To analyze the age-specific contributions to the changing gender differences before and after the crossover at the national and sub-national levels. We have used sample-survey-based age-specific mortality data available for the periods 1970–2018 to construct abridged life tables. The contribution of different age groups to the gender gap is estimated by using Arriaga’s method of decomposition. During 1981–85 female life expectancy at birth caught up with male life expectancy at birth for India and by 2005 all major states completed the crossover. The male-female crossover in life expectancy at the national level in the early 80s is remarkable in the face of continued female disadvantage from birth till adolescence, even for some richer states. We provide evidence that gender difference in longevity in favour of females is largely a function of adult age groups and younger age groups contribute negatively to the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in most states. Juxtaposing the results from contribution in an absolute number of years and their relative contribution change before and after the crossover, it is established that although the adult and old age groups contribute the highest in the absolute number of years before and after the crossover, the contribution of the reproductive age groups and childhood years in the recent time is most relevant in relative terms.

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The fiscal value of human lives lost from Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China

10.21203/rs.2.23296/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joses M. Kirigia ◽

Rosenabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Economic Model ◽

Discount Rates ◽

Female Life Expectancy ◽

Specific Objective ◽

The World ◽

Japanese Female ◽

National Life ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Objective: According to the WHO novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report 16, as at 5 th February 2020, there was a total of 24363 confirmed 2019-nCoV cases in China. That consisted of the world 491. The specific objective of this study was to estimate, using human capital approach, the fiscal value of human lives lost due to 2019-nCoV in China as at 5 th February 2020. Results: The deaths from 2019-nCoV had a discounted (at 3%) total fiscal value of Int$174,895,675. Out of which, 63.2% was borne by people aged 25-49 years, 27.8% by people aged 50-64 years, and 9.0% by people aged 65 years and above. Average fiscal value per death was Int$ 356,203. Re-estimation of the economic model alternately with 5% and 10 discount rates led to a reduction in the expected total fiscal value by 21.3% and 50.4%, respectively. Furthermore, re-estimation of the economic model using the Japanese female life expectancy of 87.1 years (highest in the world), instead of the national life expectancy of 76.4 years, increased the total fiscal value by Int$ 43,415,455 (24.8%).

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