The contribution of age-specific mortality towards male and female life expectancy differentials in India and selected States, 1970-2013

SummaryA new set of abridged life tables for Pakistan is presented. Data from the 1971 Population Growth Survey were first analysed to estimate the degree of completeness of the reporting of male and female deaths; female deaths were substantially more under-reported than male deaths. Age–sex specific mortality schedules were adjusted accordingly.Life expectancy was around 50 years at birth, but increased by 8–9 years for those surviving the substantial risks of dying in the first year of life. No significant sex differential in mortality could be discerned from the life tables.

Download Full-text

Life expectancy and mortality in 363 cities of Latin America

Nature Medicine ◽

10.1038/s41591-020-01214-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Usama Bilal ◽

◽

Philipp Hessel ◽

Carolina Perez-Ferrer ◽

Yvonne L. Michael ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Latin America ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Latin American ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Latin American Countries

AbstractThe concept of a so-called urban advantage in health ignores the possibility of heterogeneity in health outcomes across cities. Using a harmonized dataset from the SALURBAL project, we describe variability and predictors of life expectancy and proportionate mortality in 363 cities across nine Latin American countries. Life expectancy differed substantially across cities within the same country. Cause-specific mortality also varied across cities, with some causes of death (unintentional and violent injuries and deaths) showing large variation within countries, whereas other causes of death (communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional, cancer, cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases) varied substantially between countries. In multivariable mixed models, higher levels of education, water access and sanitation and less overcrowding were associated with longer life expectancy, a relatively lower proportion of communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional deaths and a higher proportion of deaths from cancer, cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases. These results highlight considerable heterogeneity in life expectancy and causes of death across cities of Latin America, revealing modifiable factors that could be amenable to urban policies aimed toward improving urban health in Latin America and more generally in other urban environments.

Download Full-text

A Web-Based Tool for Quantification of Potential Gains in Life Expectancy by Preventing Cause-Specific Mortality

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.663825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Aruna Chandran ◽

Churong Xu ◽

Jonathan Gross ◽

Kathryn M. Leifheit ◽

Darcy Phelan-Emrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Health Department ◽

Local Health ◽

Web Based ◽

Baltimore City ◽

Scarce Resources ◽

Disease Mortality ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Neighborhood Level

Introduction: Local health departments are currently limited in their ability to use life expectancy (LE) as a benchmark for improving community health. In collaboration with the Baltimore City Health Department, our aim was to develop a web-based tool to estimate the potential lives saved and gains in LE in specific neighborhoods following interventions targeting achievable reductions in preventable deaths.Methods: The PROLONGER (ImPROved LONGEvity through Reductions in Cause-Specific Deaths) tool utilizes a novel Lives Saved Simulation model to estimate neighborhood-level potential change in LE after specified reduction in cause-specific mortality. This analysis uses 2012–2016 deaths in Baltimore City residents; a 20% reduction in heart disease mortality is shown as a case study.Results: According to PROLONGER, if heart disease deaths could be reduced by 20% in a given neighborhood in Baltimore City, there could be up to a 2.3-year increase in neighborhood LE. The neighborhoods with highest expected LE increase are not the same as those with highest heart disease mortality burden or lowest overall life expectancies.Discussion: PROLONGER is a practical resource for local health officials in prioritizing scarce resources to improve health outcomes. Focusing programs based on potential LE impact at the neighborhood level could lend new information for targeting of place-based public health interventions.

Download Full-text

Temporal Variation in Breeding Season Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Lesser Prairie-Chickens

Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management ◽

10.3996/112016-jfwm-081 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 507-518

Author(s):

Andrew R. Meyers ◽

Scott A. Carleton ◽

William R. Gould ◽

Clay T. Nichols ◽

David A. Haukos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Breeding Season ◽

Late Summer ◽

Male And Female ◽

Brood Rearing ◽

Management Actions ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Prairie Chicken ◽

Female Survival ◽

Similar Survival

Abstract The lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus has experienced significant declines in distribution and abundance since the early 1900s. A severe and prolonged drought from 2009 to 2013 resulted in further declines in population numbers and despite improved environmental and habitat conditions since 2013, populations of lesser prairie chickens have shown little improvement. To investigate whether breeding season survival of lesser prairie-chickens in eastern New Mexico could be driving this response, we developed the following objectives: 1) estimate male and female breeding-season survival; 2) determine whether male and female survival varies temporally among lekking, nesting, and brood-rearing periods; and 3) determine cause-specific mortality during the breeding season. We captured and radiocollared 76 lesser prairie-chickens (50 male, 26 female) during spring of 2014 and 2015 and estimated their survival throughout the breeding season (15 March–31 August). Male survival was nearly double that of females in both years (0.79–0.81 and 0.38–0.45, respectively). Males had similar survival across all periods (lekking, postlekking, late summer: 0.89–0.95). Females had the greatest period-specific survival during lekking and brood rearing (0.87 ± 0.08 and 0.85 ± 0.10, respectively) relative to the nesting period (0.58 ± 0.11). Mammalian predation was the primary cause of mortality in both years. Our results indicate that in New Mexico 1) lesser prairie-chicken breeding season survival was consistent with geographically similar studies, 2) females have lower survival during the nesting period, and 3) female lesser prairie-chicken survival was lower than male survival regardless of time period. Management actions that provide and protect high-quality nesting habitat may help ensure that female survival is maximized during the nesting period.

Download Full-text

Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016–40 for 195 countries and territories

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31694-5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 392 (10159) ◽

pp. 2052-2090 ◽

Cited By ~ 325

Author(s):

Kyle J Foreman ◽

Neal Marquez ◽

Andrew Dolgert ◽

Kai Fukutaki ◽

Nancy Fullman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Alternative Scenarios

Download Full-text

Increasing Education-Based Disparities in Healthy Life Expectancy Among U.S. Non-Hispanic Whites, 2000–2010

The Journals of Gerontology Series B ◽

10.1093/geronb/gbz145 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Phillip Cantu ◽

Connor M Sheehan ◽

Isaac Sasson ◽

Mark D Hayward

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Daily Living ◽

White Men ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Healthy Life ◽

Men And Women ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Disability Prevalence ◽

College Educated

Abstract Objectives To examine changes in Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE) against the backdrop of rising mortality among less educated white Americans during the first decade of the 21st century. Method This study documented changes in HLE by education among U.S. non-Hispanic whites, using data from the U.S. Multiple Cause of Death public-use files, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample (IPUMS) of the 2000 Census and the 2010 American Community Survey, and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Changes in HLE were decomposed into contributions from: (1) change in age-specific mortality rates; and (2) change in disability prevalence, measured via Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). Results Between 2000 and 2010, HLE significantly decreased for white men and women with less than 12 years of schooling. By contrast, HLE increased among college-educated white men and women. Declines or stagnation in HLE among less educated whites reflected increases in disability prevalence over the study period, whereas improvements among the college educated reflected decreases in both age-specific mortality rates and disability prevalence at older ages. Discussion Differences in HLE between education groups increased among non-Hispanic whites from 2000 to 2010. In fact, education-based differences in HLE were larger than differences in total life expectancy. Thus, the lives of less educated whites were not only shorter, on average, compared with their college-educated counterparts, but they were also more burdened with disability.

Download Full-text