scholarly journals Per una fondazione ontologica della “riduzione consapevole e cooperante”

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giampaolo Ghilardi ◽  
Vittoradolfo Tambone
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Viktor Frankl ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
Scientific Reduction ◽  
Clinical Methodology ◽  
Different Levels

Il presente lavoro analizza i presupposti ontologici della metodologia scientifica identificata nella formula “riduzione consapevole e cooperante”. Viene studiata l’idea di essere sottesa alle riduzioni scientifiche, distinguendo tra riduzioni legittime e riduzionismo inadeguato, per valutare all’interno della metodologia clinica la complessità dell’agire scientifico. Si sono quindi ricercate le radici ontologiche della complessità nella scienza, approdando così al realismo dimensionale teorizzato per primo da Viktor Frankl. La rigorizzazione di questo modello analitico ci ha condotti a recuperare il tema filosofico dell’analogia quale strumento importante per la razionalità scientifica, in grado mantenere in tensione feconda tra loro i diversi elementi del discorso epistemologico. Questo percorso si è quindi sviluppato sulle condizioni di possibilità della conoscenza umana, rintracciando nella nozione di “potenzialità futura” il tratto distintivo dell’impresa conoscitiva. Il tema è quindi stato approfondito nei suoi fondamenti ontologici principali, analizzando i concetti di potenzialità e possibilità applicati all’ambito conoscitivo. La fondazione ontologica del modello conoscitivo analizzato viene pertanto trovata in un essere analogico, vale a dire composto su diversi livelli non esauribili concettualmente dall’indagine scientifica, ma neppure estranei alla capacità d’indagine umana. ---------- The present work develops the ontological presuppositions of scientific methodology labeled as “aware and cooperative reduction”. The idea of being underlying scientific reduction is analyzed by distinguishing among legitimate and improper reductionism. This framework is useful to assess within the context of clinical methodology the complexity of scientific practice. We also focus on the ontological roots of complexity in science, reaching to what Viktor Frankl has named “dimensional realism”. Thanks to this analytical model we recovered the theme of analogy as an important instrument of scientific rationality, which allows to keep together both the objective and the subjective instances of the epistemological domain. This speculative path lead us to ask about the conditions of possibility of human knowledge. In so doing, we have found the notion of “future potentiality” to be the mark of human knowledge. The result of our inquiry is that “analogical being” is the ontological foundation of scientific methodology. The ontological idea of “analogy” conveys an understanding of being constituted by different levels, or dimensions, which are not conceptually exhaustible within scientific research, but which are nevertheless accessible by human investigation.

Scientific Collaboration and Collective Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Social Structure Of Science ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
The Social

Descartes once argued that, with sufficient effort and skill, a single scientist could uncover fundamental truths about our world. Contemporary science proves the limits of this claim. From synthesizing the human genome to predicting the effects of climate change, some current scientific research requires the collaboration of hundreds (if not thousands) of scientists with various specializations. Additionally, the majority of published scientific research is now coauthored, including more than 80% of articles in the natural sciences. Small collaborative teams have become the norm in science. This is the first volume to address critical philosophical questions about how collective scientific research could be organized differently and how it should be organized. For example, should scientists be required to share knowledge with competing research teams? How can universities and grant-giving institutions promote successful collaborations? When hundreds of researchers contribute to a discovery, how should credit be assigned—and can minorities expect a fair share? When collaborative work contains significant errors or fraudulent data, who deserves blame? In this collection of essays, leading philosophers of science address these critical questions, among others. Their work extends current philosophical research on the social structure of science and contributes to the growing, interdisciplinary field of social epistemology. The volume’s strength lies in the diversity of its authors’ methodologies. Employing detailed case studies of scientific practice, mathematical models of scientific communities, and rigorous conceptual analysis, contributors to this volume study scientific groups of all kinds, including small labs, peer-review boards, and large international collaborations like those in climate science and particle physics.

scholarly journals Vaccination as a cause of autism—myths and controversies

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Curative Treatment ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Parent Groups

Despite significant progress in the study of the epidemiology and genetics of autism, the etiology and patho-physiology of this condition is far from being elucidated and no curative treatment currently exists. Although solid scientific research continues, in an attempt to find explanations and solutions, a number of nonscientific and pure myths about autism have emerged. Myths that vaccines or mercury are associated with autism have been amplified by misguided scientists; frustrated, but effective parent groups; and politicians. Preventing the protection provided by vaccination or administration of mercury-chelating agents may cause real damage to autistic individuals and to innocent bystanders who as a result may be exposed to resurgent diseases that had already been “extinguished. ” That such myths flourish is a consequence of the authority of scientific evidence obtained by scientific methodology losing ground to alternative truths and alternative science. This article presents a narrative of the origin of the myths around autism.

scholarly journals Uma Análise Experimental Sistemática do Envelhecimento e Rejuvenescimento da Plataforma Docker

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Santos ◽  
Laécio Rodrigues ◽  
Matheus Torquato ◽  
Francisco Airton Silva
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Software Aging ◽  
Aging Studies ◽  
Workload Generation ◽  
Different Levels

Software aging has been a subject explored for almost thirty years. Even with so many years of scientific research, new investigations will be needed due to new technologies. The Docker platform, for example, appeared in 2013 and, although it has been deeply explored, it still needs studies on software aging. Studies show that containers are lighter than virtual machines, however, running many containers can lead to aging. This paper presents a study of aging and rejuvenation of the Docker platform. An experiment was carried out for thirty days, which indicated different levels of aging by varying hardware capacity. We have applied an approach called SWARE. SWARE facilitates the detection of aging signs and rejuvenation effectiveness in a single experiment. Evidences have shown that resource consumption remains high after stopping the workload generation.

scholarly journals The Neo-Darwinian ideology

Diacronia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisc Gafton ◽  
Adina Chirilă
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Common ◽  
Clear Line ◽  
Made In

When it comes to evolutionism, the common belief holds that Neo-Darwinism is still the best evolutionist explanation, because it contains the Darwinist explanation, improved through adjustments and additions provided by the current scientific research, which wouldn’t be but thorough, objective, and completely non-ideological. In fact, throughout its existence, Neo-Darwinism has failed in maintaining a clear line of thinking, oriented by pure facts. At some point, it became obvious that, by following its original paradigm, the problem of evolution could not be resolved; thus, during the second half of the 20th century, a few attempts were made in order to improve Neo-Darwinism, without the expected results. The failure can be explained through one of the current’s drawbacks: the inflexible and arrogant rejection of the Lamarckian position on the matter of evolution. Recent research, as well as logical deductions issued from the observation of what Nature produces urge the revision of paradigms and the repeal of any dogma. The gain would be that of the science and of the human knowledge.

The Science of Meditation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Are Holen
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Second Wave

The first big wave of scientific research on meditation came in the 1970s and mainly focused on the physiology of relaxation. The second wave, which is still ongoing, has a stronger focus on modes of attention and their neural correlates. In both waves of meditation research, Anglo-American scientists have dominated the arena, but the kinds of meditation investigated have almost exclusively been of Asian origin. This essay argues that the shifting focus of scientific studies is not only determined by the available scientific methodology, but also by the form of meditation under investigation, as well as the influence from society and popular culture.

scholarly journals The levels problem in psychopathology

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus I. Eronen
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Psychiatric disorders are studied at multiple levels, but there is no agreement on how these levels are related to each other, or how they should be understood in the first place. In this paper, I provide an account of levels and their relationships that is suited for psychopathology, drawing from recent debates in philosophy of science. Instead of metaphysical issues, the focus is on delivering an understanding of levels that is relevant and useful for scientific practice. I also defend a pragmatic approach to the question of reduction, arguing that even in-principle reductionists should embrace pluralism in practice. Finally, I discuss the benefits and challenges in integrating explanations and models of different levels.

Psychological Features of Eschatological Expectations of Youth with Various Types of Creative Thinking

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Svitlana Serdiuk ◽  
Dmytro Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Verbal Creativity ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Different Levels

This article highlights the results of the research on psychological features of eschatological expectations of young people with different levels of creative thinking. Our study shows that 26 % of respondents believe that the End of the World will not arrive. Twenty-four per cent of respondents are skeptical about the likelihood of the Apocalypse, but they admit its possibility. Thirty-seven per cent of respondents believe that the End of Time will not come soon and the remaining 13% expect the Apocalypse very soon. Some respondents (7.5%) indicate that growth in the rate of prophecies connected with the End of the World in recent years suggests that humanity itself seeks it, while 9 % of respondents state the religious point of view in their works. Also 9 % of respondents believe that there will be no destruction of civilization or destruction of the planet but there will be a mental transition to another level of being. The existence of correlation between creative thinking and eschatological expectations was also empirically established in our study, especially in the group of respondents with a high level of verbal creativity. There is no correlation between the index of non-verbal creativity, personal religiosity and eschatological expectations in the sample. These results confirm that our study is relevant and offers great prospects for further scientific research.

scholarly journals Citizen Science in Support of Digital Earth

2019 ◽  
pp. 593-622
Author(s):  
Maria Antonia Brovelli ◽  
Marisa Ponti ◽  
Sven Schade ◽  
Patricia Solís
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Digital Earth ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Responsible Research ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Citizen science can be thought of as a tremendous catalyst for making Digital Earth a participation model of our world. This chapter presents a wide overview of the concept and practice of citizen science in terms of the technologies and social impact. Definitions of citizen science and various existing approaches to citizen involvement are described, from simple contributions to projects proposed by someone else to the design and planning of science as a bottom-up process. To illustrate these concepts, the relevant example of OpenStreetMap is described in detail, and other examples are mentioned and briefly discussed. Social innovation connected with citizen science is focused on to highlight different levels of direct citizen contributions to scientific research and indirect effects on academia, and studies driven by new questions that may support responsible research and innovation (RRI), governments and public administration in making better informed decisions. Despite its growth and success in relatively few years, citizen science has not fully overcome a number of persistent challenges related to quality, equity, inclusion, and governance. These themes and related complex facets are discussed in detail in the last section of the chapter.

scholarly journals Verifiability and Falsifiability as Parameters for Scientific Methodology

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Sandhya Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Sense Experience ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind

The question of „how do we come to know‟ has been the search of mankind since time immemorial. Neither has there been a consensus for that question nor there will be. Many a great minds have looked into this, coming up with various perspectives. Two such varying perspectives in this field are empiricism and rationalism. While the former emphasizes that experience (through senses) is the only source of knowledge the latter upholds that there is something beyond the sense experience, the mind that is the source of knowledge. The shift towards a scientific phase from that of the earlier theological and metaphysical phase gained popularity with positivism, where progress of human knowledge was considered in identifying truths through scientific methods. In this scientific journey towards knowing the world emphasis was on empirically observable things. It was believed that there are no ideas which come into our head without being dependent on our perceptions, thereby on our experience. The basis of classical science was considered getting empirical observations. It had to be a systematic way of studying what is out there. Purpose of science was considered to be limited to things which can be observed, thus being connected to a means of being verified. This paper thus looks into the notion of verifiability as an important parameter of scientific methodology and its importance as asserted by logical positivists. But this criteria of scientific method was challenged by another criteria, that of falsifiability. The next section will look into falsifiability as another parameter of scientific methodology. Since these parameters have been discussed widely among philosophers, this paper shall be focusing on the views of A. J. Ayer and Sir Karl Popper regarding the same. Furthermore, its application and relevance to the field of linguistics will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Scientific mentoring in the educational practice of a student of a pedagogical university

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Lyubov A. Kochemasova
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Professional Fields ◽  
Different Levels

Based on the analysis of scientific research, the paper shows the essence of mentoring as a pedagogical phenomenon, examines the meaning and content of scientific mentoring, its role in the educational practice of a student of a pedagogical university. Modern approaches to mentoring in Russian pedagogical science allowed the author to review the content of scientific publications, to propose the following working definitions of the terms mentoring, scientific mentoring, mentor in education, mentoring of bachelors of teacher education. Relying on domestic and foreign sources, the author reveals the features of scientific mentoring in comparison with mentoring in other professional fields, focusing on the extremely wide coverage of the sphere of mentoring in the implementation of modern educational practices of a student of a pedagogical university. The actualization of scientific mentoring reflects the conceptual aspects of studying the historical and pedagogical heritage of teachers of the past in modern conditions by organizing an international competition for research and creative works of students In the world of wise thoughts of domestic and foreign scientists and teachers. In the paper, the author pays special attention to the popularization and continuity of humanistic ideas, the pedagogical heritage of the outstanding Russian doctor and pedagogical humanist thinker N.I. Pirogov in the system of modern higher education in the direction of scientific mentoring the management of scientific research activities of students in the educational practice of a pedagogical university (in the form of writing scientific competitive works of different levels). The authors vision of the practical significance of the study in rethinking the historical and pedagogical heritage from the standpoint of modern approaches of scientific mentoring as an effective mechanism for transferring experience and knowledge from leading scholars and mentors and student research work is substantiated.

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